s

CUSTOMER TRAINING

What the Drive Does ?

Electrical Power

DRIVE
Motor

A&D2/ATU

Torque

Rotation

Mechanical Power

AC-DRV-BASIC

CUSTOMER TRAINING

Conventional Technology
Electric
Supply

Starter

Belt /
Gear

Motor

Control over Torque & Speed of the motor ?

Machine

NO !

Requirement of Modern Machines

Electric
Supply

Power
Converter

Motor

Machine

Drive
Control over Torque & Speed of the motor ?
A&D2/ATU

YES !
DRV-BASIC

CUSTOMER TRAINING

Torque requirement
Torque

Torque

T2

T2
T1

T1
N1

N2

Speed Variation
A&D2/ATU

Speed

Speed

N
Load Variation

AC-DRV-BASIC

CUSTOMER TRAINING

Few expectations from the Drive

Variable speed at the motor shaft maintaining torque producing
capability of the motor
Speed regulation
Controlled acceleration & deceleration
Quick & safe reversal and braking
Current limiting
Protection against abnormal conditions
Auto-optimization
Easy fault diagnostics
Communication capable
A&D2/ATU

Energy Saving
AC-DRV-BASIC

CUSTOMER TRAINING

Controlled Acceleration & Deceleration

Speed

Reqd.
Speed

time
t1
Ramp-up
time

A&D/ATU

t2
Ramp down time

DRV-BASIC

CUSTOMER TRAINING

Stopping & Braking of Motors

N
stop

OFF2
OFF1
time
OFF3

Coasting
Stop along
Ramp-down time
Braking or Quick Stop

A&D/ATU

DRV-BASIC

CUSTOMER TRAINING

Speed Control of Three Phase Induction Motor

Synchronous Speed = Ns =

120 f
P

Ns f
Nr < Ns , Hence % Slip =

Ns-Nr
Ns

X 100

Normally 4 to 6 % Slip is common for all practical

applications. And we say that induction motor is constant
speed motor.
A&D/ATU

DRV-BASIC

CUSTOMER TRAINING

Why we require variable voltage ?

Torque is proportional to Flux and Armature
current .
T x I

V f

Thus if we reduce only frequency ,then flux will also

reduce.Therefore we need to reduce voltage proportional
to reduction in frequency.

A&D/ATU

DRV-BASIC

CUSTOMER TRAINING

General block diagram of Inverter .

3 Variable Voltage
Variable Frequency
+
Rectifier

Inverter
-

3 Constant Voltage
Constant Frequency

A&D/ATU

DRV-BASIC

CUSTOMER TRAINING

Rectifier Section
Uncontrolled Bridge Rectifier
R

Input AC Voltage

Output DC Voltage
-

A&D/ATU

DRV-BASIC

CUSTOMER TRAINING

Converting DC in to AC
AC Output
+/DC Input

S1

S2

LOAD
S3

S4

-/+
Periodic reversal of polarity occurs by switching
S1S4 and S2S3 switches

A&D/ATU

DRV-BASIC

CUSTOMER TRAINING

Transistorized Inverter Block Diagram

Supply

Motor

DC Link

Inverter

Rectifier

A&D/ATU

DRV-BASIC

CUSTOMER TRAINING

Pulse Width Modulated Waveform

Voltage
Current
0V
Time

Pulse Width Modulation

A&D/ATU

DRV-BASIC

CUSTOMER TRAINING

Pulse Width Modulated Waveform

Voltage going to the inverter is chopped rectangular
shape
Pulse Width is varying .
PWM voltage is of high frequency chopped pulses.
Due to motor inductance the current flowing through
winding will be of sinusoidal nature

A&D/ATU

DRV-BASIC

CUSTOMER TRAINING

Basic Induction Motor Characteristics with V/f control

Torque
Pull out Torque

Normal Operating
Point

Speed
Variable frequency operation

Slip

Torque Speed Characteristic of An Induction Motor

A&D/ATU

DRV-BASIC

CUSTOMER TRAINING

Block diagram of V/f control

V

V/f characteristics block

Nref

RFG

Inverter
Bridge

f ref

Current limiting
Controller

Modulator
+

Slip Compensation

A&D/ATU

DRV-BASIC

CUSTOMER TRAINING

Vector Control
V/f Control is called as open loop control.
Vector control operation is performed because it
has following advantages.
Speed Accuracy
Torque Accuracy
Speed range
Dynamic Performance
Performance at low speed
Shock load operation

A&D/ATU

DRV-BASIC

CUSTOMER TRAINING

Vector Control
How vector control works ?
In AC Motor the stator winding current
sets the Flux and torque, therefore it is difficult
to control Flux and Torque separately.
In drive above independent control of Flux and Torque
producing components is achieved with the help of
high speed microprocessor and the same is called as
Vector Control.

A&D/ATU

Itotal
Iload

Iflux

DRV-BASIC

CUSTOMER TRAINING

Vector Control
Block diagram of Vector Control operation
I

Speed Controller

Coordinate converter

I Ref
RFG

Gating

Iw

Unit

Inv

I w Ref

Iw
I
Slip

Motor Model

M
A&D/ATU

DRV-BASIC

A&D/ATU

CUSTOMER TRAINING

DRV-BASIC

A&D/ATU

CUSTOMER TRAINING

DRV-BASIC

A&D/ATU

CUSTOMER TRAINING

DRV-BASIC

A&D/ATU

CUSTOMER TRAINING

DRV-BASIC

A&D/ATU

CUSTOMER TRAINING

DRV-BASIC

A&D/ATU

CUSTOMER TRAINING

DRV-BASIC

A&D/ATU

CUSTOMER TRAINING

DRV-BASIC

A&D/ATU

CUSTOMER TRAINING

DRV-BASIC

A&D/ATU

CUSTOMER TRAINING

DRV-BASIC

A&D/ATU

CUSTOMER TRAINING

DRV-BASIC

A&D/ATU

CUSTOMER TRAINING

DRV-BASIC

A&D/ATU

CUSTOMER TRAINING

DRV-BASIC

A&D/ATU

CUSTOMER TRAINING

DRV-BASIC