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The law of segregation explains that phenotypes of the

F2 generation will be tall and dwarf in a ratio of 3:1.


The parents of the F2 generation are heterozygous. Due to
segregation, their gametes can carry either a T allele or a t
allele, but not both. Following self-fertilization, TT, Tt, and tt are
the possible genotypes of the F2 generation.
By randomly combining these alleles, the genotypes are
produced in a 1:2:1 ratio. Because TT and Tt both produce tall
phenotypes, a 3:1 phenotypic ratio is observed in the F2
generation.
We can use Punnett Square to Predict the Outcome of
Crosses

Find out the genotypic ratio of the F2 offspring from the


following cross
Round (RR) X Wrinkled (rr) Round seeds are dominant to
wrinkled

Parental generation
RR
Gamete R
r
F1 Rr
(Round since round is
wrinkle)
F1 self fertilization Rr
X
F1 gametes
R
r
R
F2 Generation

rr

dominant over
Rr
r

Gamete R
s
R
r

RR
Rr
(Round) (Round)

Rr
rr
(Round) (Wrinkl
Phenotypic ratios : 3 Round: 1 Wrinkled
ed)

Genotypic ration

: 1 RR: 2Rr: 1rr

Low of independent assortment


Dihybrid cross or two factor crosses
study of inheritance of two different characters within the
same groups of individuals.

Law
of
Independent
assortment:
Two
different
genes
will
randomly assort their alleles
during
In
words,
allelecells.
for
theother
formation
ofthe
haploid
one gene will be found within
a resulting gamete
independently of whether the
allele for a different gene is
found in the same gamete.
Therefore, a heterozygous
RrYy parent can produce four
different
gametesRY, Ry, rY, and ry
in equal proportions
In an F1 self-fertilization
experiment, any two gametes
Independent
brings
can combine assortment
randomly during
more
diversity in the population,
fertilization.
which is very essential for the

Method to analyze genetic cross


Test cross: Cross between the unknown and a homozygous
recessive organism. It helps to reveal the genotype of the
unknown.
Eg. You want to find out the genotype of a yellow seeded plant
The genotype of the plant can be YY or Yy. In order to find the genotype
you cross the plant with a homozygous recessive plant ie. Green
seeded (yy).
A green seeded parent can produce only one type of gamete ic y.
If the unknown plant is heterozygous the it will produce two types of
games Y and y. and in test cross you will get one Yellow seeded and
green seeded in equal proportion.
If the unknown is homozygous YY, it will produce only one type gamete
Y and in test cross you will get all Yellow seeded plants.

Thus test cross help us to understand the genotype of the


unknown plant.
In monohybrid cross test cross of the F1 will give 1:1 ratio and
dihybrid cross it will give 1:1:1:1 ratio.

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