OOP Complete Notes

OOP COMPLETE NOTES
BY
Umer Tanvir
Spring 2013
1. Starting OOP
1/25/16
Farhan Aadil
Please turn OFF your Mobile Phones!
1/25/16
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology
CSC241:
Object Oriented
Programming
Study Assignment
I hope you did go through chapter 1 of both the books.
How was the experience?
What did you learn?
1/25/16
Procedural vs. Object-Oriented

Procedural
Object Oriented
Customer, money, account

1/25/16
Withdraw, deposit, transfer
Object-Orientation
(OO)
1/25/16
What is Object-Orientation?
A technique for system modeling
OO model consists of several interacting objects
1/25/16
What is a Model?
A model is an abstraction of something
Purpose is to understand the product before developing
it
1/25/16
Examples Model
Highway maps
Architectural models
Mechanical models
1/25/16
Example OO Model
1/25/16
Example OO Model
Ali
Objects
Ali
House
Car
Tree
lives-in
House
drives
Car
Tree
Interactions
Ali lives in the house
Ali drives the car
1/25/16
10
Object-Orientation - Advantages
People think in terms of objects
OO models map to reality
Therefore, OO models are
easy to develop
easy to understand
1/25/16
11
What is an Object?
An object is
Something tangible (Ali, Car)
Something that can be apprehended intellectually
(Time, Date)
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12
What is an Object?
An object has
State (attributes)
Well-defined behaviour (operations)
Unique identity
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13
Example Ali is a Tangible Object

State (attributes)
Name
Age
behaviour (operations)
Walks
Eats
Identity
His name
1/25/16
14
Example Car is a Tangible Object

State (attributes)
- Color
- Model
- Start Car
- Accelerate
- Change Gear
Identity
- Its registration number
1/25/16
15
Example Time is an Object

Apprehended Intellectually
State (attributes)
- Hours
- Minutes
- Seconds
- Set Hours
- Set Minutes
- Set Seconds
Identity
- Would have a unique ID in the model
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16
Example Date is an Object

Apprehended Intellectually
State (attributes)
- Year
- Month
- Day
- Set Year
- Set Day
- Set Month
Identity
- Would have a unique ID in the model
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17
Definition
What Is an Object?
An object is a software bundle of related variables and
methods. Software objects are often used to model realworld objects you find in everyday life.
Objects are key to understanding object-oriented
technology. You can look around you now and see many
examples of real-world objects: dog, desk, television
set, bicycle.
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18
Real-world objects share two

characteristics
They all have state and behavior
dogs have state (name, color, breed, hungry) and
behavior (barking, fetching, and wagging tail).
Bicycles have state (current gear, current pedal
cadence, two wheels, number of gears) and behavior
(braking, accelerating, slowing down, changing gears).
1/25/16
19
Software objects are modeled after realworld objects

A software object maintains its state in one or more
variables .
A software object implements its behavior with methods
. A method is a function (subroutine) associated with an
object.
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20
Can represent real-world objects by

using software objects.
You might want to represent real-world dogs as software
objects in an animation program or a real-world bicycle
as a software object in the program that controls an
electronic exercise bike.
You can also use software objects to model abstract
concepts. For example, an event is a common object
used in GUI window systems to represent the action of a
user pressing a mouse button or a key on the keyboard.
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21
Moving to new thinking

C is a procedural language. A procedure is
a list of instructions.
Very small programs (tens of lines) need no
organization.
As they get large (hundreds of lines), they are
divided into functions.
Functions are still lists of instructions.
Dividing a program into functions gives a
structure to the program (hence structured
programming).
1/25/16
22

C programming cannot do the following well:
Functions have unrestricted access to global data.
Data and Functions are unrelated; they do not
form a logical group or show any form of binding.
Cannot model real world.
In real world, we deal with objects like cars,

people etc.
Are such objects like data? Which data type
describes a car, for example?
Are such objects like functions? What will a
function car() do?
1/25/16
23

A real world object, e.g. car:
Is its description purely the ability to have a
data type to represent its specifications or
attributes only? For example what attributes
describe a car?
So by having all these attributes only do you
know all about a car? Would you buy a car by
merely looking at these attributes and their
values?
No! What else do you wish to have?
1/25/16
24

A real world object, e.g. car:
Test drive! Right?
What would you know through a test drive: how
it behaves in response to various stimulus!
How can it negotiate a speed braker, a speedy turn,
full braking etc.
Effectively, you wish to know how it functions.

Behaviour is like a function.
So neither data nor functions, by

themselves, model real-world objects
effectively.
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25
Object Oriented Approach

Neither data nor functions, by themselves, model
real-world objects effectively.
OO languages (like C++) combine both data and
functions that operate on that data into a single
unit, called object. Hence encapsulating an entity.
The objects functions are called member functions.
Typically, data can be accessed through functions
only. So data gets hidden.
Data hiding ensures the data is not accidentally
altered.
Reference analogy of a growing company; 2 people
vs 100 employee company.
Objects communicate with each other by calling
each others member functions.
1/25/16
26
Object Oriented Approach

OOP is all about organization and not about
program operation. Most individual
statements are similar to C statements.
Member functions may be very similar to C
procedural functions.
In C you used to think about functions.
In C++ you should think about objects.
Often objects in C++ are real-world analogies.
In C++ objects are instances of classes.
E.g. Honda City is an instance of class car!
Class serves as a cookie cutter and an object
a cookie.
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27
Abstraction
Abstraction is a way to cope with complexity.
Principle of abstraction:
Capture only those details about an object that are
relevant to current perspective
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28
Example Abstraction
Ali is a PhD student and teaches BS
students
Attributes
-
1/25/16
Name
Student Roll No
Year of Study
CGPA
- Employee ID
- Designation
- Salary
- Age
29
Example Abstraction
Ali is a PhD student and teaches BS
students
behaviour
-
1/25/16
Study
- DevelopExam
GiveExam
- TakeExam
PlaySports
- Eat
DeliverLecture
- Walk
30
Example Abstraction
Students Perspective
Attributes
1/25/16
Name
Student Roll No
Year of Study
CGPA
- Employee ID
- Designation
- Salary
- Age
31
Example Abstraction
Students Perspective
behaviour
-
1/25/16
Study
- DevelopExam
GiveExam
- TakeExam
PlaySports
- Eat
DeliverLecture
- Walk
32
Example Abstraction
Teachers Perspective
Attributes
-
1/25/16
Name
Student Roll No
Year of Study
CGPA
- Employee ID
- Designation
- Salary
- Age
33
Example Abstraction
Teachers Perspective
behaviour
-
1/25/16
Study
- DevelopExam
GiveExam
- TakeExam
PlaySports
- Eat
DeliverLecture
- Walk
34
Example Abstraction
A cat can be viewed with different
perspectives
Surgeons
Perspective
Ordinary
Perspective
A pet animal with
Four Legs
A Tail
Two Ears
Sharp Teeth
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A being with
A Skeleton
Heart
Kidney
Stomach
35
Example Abstraction
Engineers View
Drivers View
1/25/16
36
Abstraction Advantages
Simplifies the model by hiding irrelevant details
Abstraction provides the freedom to defer
implementation decisions by avoiding commitment to
details
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37
Classes
In an OO model, some of the objects exhibit identical
characteristics (information structure and behaviour)
We say that they belong to the same class
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38
Example Class
Ali studies mathematics
Anam studies physics
Sohail studies chemistry
Each one is a Student
We say these objects are instances of the Student class
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39
Example Class
Ahsan teaches mathematics
Aamir teaches computer science
Atif teaches physics
Each one is a teacher
We say these objects are instances of the Teacher class
1/25/16
40
Graphical Representation of Classes

(Class Name)
(attributes)
(operations)
(Class Name)
Suppressed
Form
Normal
Form
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41
Example Graphical Representation of

Classes
Circle
center
radius
draw
computeArea
Circle
Suppressed
Form
Normal
Form
1/25/16
42
Example Graphical Representation of

Classes
Person
name
age
gender
eat
walk
Person
Suppressed
Form
Normal
Form
1/25/16
43
Inheritance
A child inherits characteristics of its parents
Besides inherited characteristics, a child may have its
own unique characteristics
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44
Inheritance in Classes
If a class B inherits from class A then it contains all the
characteristics (information structure and behaviour) of
class A
The parent class is called base class and the child class
is called derived class
Besides inherited characteristics, derived class may
have its own unique characteristics
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45
Example Inheritance
Person
Student
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Teacher
Doctor
46
Example Inheritance
Shape
Line
1/25/16
Circle
Triangle
47
Inheritance IS A or
IS A KIND OF Relationship
Each derived class is a special kind of its base class
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48
Example IS A Relationship
Person
name
age
gender
eat
walk
Student
1/25/16
program
studyYear
study
heldExam
Teacher
designation
salary
teach
takeExam
Doctor
designation
salary
checkUp
prescribe
49
Example IS A Relationship
Shape
color
coord
draw
rotate
setColor
Circle
1/25/16
radius
Line
length
draw
computeAreaCOMSATS Institute
draw
of Information Technology
Triangle
angle
draw
computeArea
50
Inheritance Advantages
Reuse
Less redundancy
Increased maintainability
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51
Reuse with Inheritance

Main purpose of inheritance is reuse
We can easily add new classes by inheriting from
existing classes
Select an existing class closer to the desired functionality
Create a new class and inherit it from the selected class
Add to and/or modify the inherited functionality
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52
Example Reuse
Shape
color
coord
draw
rotate
setColor
Circle
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radius
draw
computeArea
Triangle
angle
length
draw
computeArea
draw
53
Line
Example Reuse
Person
name
age
gender
eat
walk
Student
1/25/16
program
studyYear
study
heldExam
Teacher
designation
salary
teach
takeExam
Doctor
designation
salary
checkUp
prescribe
54
Example Reuse
Person
name
age
gender
eat
walk
Student
1/25/16
program
studyYear
study
heldExam
Teacher
designation
salary
teach
takeExam
Doctor
designation
salary
checkUp
prescribe
55
1/25/16
References
Object Oriented Programming in C++, by Robert Lafore, published by

Sams Publishing (The Waite Group).
4th ed. available in soft form.
Object Oriented Programming Using C++ by Joyce Farrell , published by

Course Technology, Cengage Learning. 4th ed. available in soft form
National University of Computer & Emerging Sciences

[www.nu.edu.pk]
Virtual University of Pakistan [ocw.vu.edu.pk]
Open Courseware Consortium
[http://www.ocwconsortium.org/en/courses]
56
Thanks
1/25/16
57
Spring 2013
1. Inheritance & Generalization
1/25/16
Farhan Aadil
1/25/16
CSC241:
Object Oriented
Programming
58
Recap Inheritance
Derived class inherits all the characteristics of the base
class
Besides inherited characteristics, derived class may
have its own unique characteristics
Major benefit of inheritance is reuse
1/25/16
59
Concepts Related with Inheritance

Generalization
Subtyping (extension)
Specialization (restriction)
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60
Generalization
In OO models, some classes may have common
characteristics
We extract these features into a new class and inherit
original classes from this new class
This concept is known as Generalization
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61
Example Generalization
Line
color
vertices
length
move
setColor
getLength
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Circle
color
vertices
radius
move
setColor
computeArea
Triangle
color
vertices
angle
move
setColor
computeArea
62
Shape
color
vertices
move
setColor
Circle
Triangle
radius
computeArea
1/25/16
Line
length
getLength
angle
computeArea
63
Student
name
age
gender
program
studyYear
study
heldExam
eat
walk
1/25/16
Teacher
name
age
gender
designation
salary
teach
takeExam
eat
walk
Doctor
name
age
gender
designation
salary
checkUp
prescribe
eat
walk
64
Person
name
age
gender
eat
walk
Student
1/25/16
program
studyYear
study
heldExam
Teacher
designation
salary
teach
takeExam
Doctor
designation
salary
checkUp
prescribe
65
Sub-typing & Specialization

We want to add a new class to an existing model
Find an existing class that already implements some of
the desired state and behaviour
Inherit the new class from this class and add unique
behaviour to the new class
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66
Sub-typing (Extension)
Sub-typing means that derived class is behaviourally
compatible with the base class
Behaviourally compatible means that base class can be
replaced by the derived class
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67
Person
name
age
gender
eats
walks
Example
Sub-typing
(Extension)
1/25/16
Student
program
studyYear
study
takeExam
68
Shape
color
vertices
setColor
move
Example
Sub-typing
(Extension)
Circle
radius
computeCF
computeArea
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69
Specialization (Restriction)
Specialization means that derived class is behaviourally
incompatible with the base class
Behaviourally incompatible means that base class cant
always be replaced by the derived class
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70
Example Specialization (Restriction)

Person
age : [0..100]
setAge( a )
Adult
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age : [18..100]
setAge( a )
age = a
If age < 18 then

error
else
age = a
71

IntegerSet
add( elem )
NaturalSet
add( elem )
1/25/16
add
element to
the set
If elem < 1
then
error
else
add
element to
the set
72
Overriding
A class may need to override the default behaviour
provided by its base class
Reasons for overriding
1/25/16
Provide behaviour specific to a derived class

Extend the default behaviour
Restrict the default behaviour
Improve performance
73
Example Specific Behaviour

Shape
color
vertices
draw
move
setColor
Circle
1/25/16
radius
Line
length
draw
computeAreaCOMSATS Institute
draw
of Information Technology
Triangle
angle
draw
computeArea
74
Example Extension
Window
width
height
open
close
draw
DialogBox
controls
enable
draw
1/25/16
1- Invoke
Windows
draw
2- draw the
dialog box
75
Example Restriction
IntegerSet
add( elem )
NaturalSet
add( elem )
1/25/16
Add element
to the set
If elem < 1
then
give error
else
Add element
to the set
76
Example Improve Performance

Shape
Class Circle
overrides rotate
operation of class
Shape with a Null
operation.
color
coord
draw
rotate
setColor
Circle
radius
draw
rotate
1/25/16
77
Abstract Classes
An abstract class implements an abstract concept
Main purpose is to be inherited by other classes
Cant be instantiated
Promotes reuse
1/25/16
78
Example Abstract Classes

Person
name
age
gender
eat
walk
Student
1/25/16
Teacher
Doctor
Here, Person
is an abstract class
79
Example Abstract Classes

Vehicle
color
model
accelerate
applyBrakes
Car
1/25/16
Bus
Truck
Here, Vehicle
is an abstract class
80
Concrete Classes
A concrete class implements a concrete concept
Main purpose is to be instantiated
Provides implementation details specific to the domain
context
1/25/16
81
Example Concrete Classes

Person
Student
program
studyYear
study
heldExam
1/25/16
Teacher
Doctor
Here, Student, Teacher and Doctor are

concrete classes
82
Example Concrete Classes

Vehicle
Car
1/25/16
Bus
Truck
capacity
load
unload
Here, Car, Bus and Truck are

concrete classes
83
Multiple Inheritance
We may want to reuse characteristics of more than one
parent class
1/25/16
84
Example Multiple Inheritance
1/25/16
Mermai
85
Woman
Fish
Mermaid
1/25/16
86
Amphibious
Vehicle
1/25/16
87

Vehicle
Land Vehicle
Car
1/25/16
Water Vehicle
Amphibious Vehicle
Boat
88
Problems with Multiple Inheritance

Increased complexity
Reduced understanding
Duplicate features
1/25/16
89
Problem Duplicate Features

Woman
eat
eat
Fish
Mermaid
Which eat operation Mermaid inherits?
1/25/16
90
Solution Override the Common

Feature
Woman
eat
eat
Mermaid
eat
1/25/16
Fish
Invoke eat
operation of
desired
class
91
Problem Duplicate Features (Diamond Problem)
Vehicle
changeGear
Land Vehicle
Car
1/25/16
Water Vehicle
Amphibious Vehicle
Boat
Which changeGear operation Amphibious

Vehicle inherits?
92
Solution to Diamond Problem

Some languages disallow diamond
hierarchy
Others provide mechanism to ignore
characteristics from one side
1/25/16
93
Association
Objects in an object model interact with each other
Usually an object provides services to several other
objects
An object keeps associations with other objects to
delegate tasks
1/25/16
94
Kinds of Association
Class Association
Inheritance
Object Association
Simple Association
Composition
Aggregation
1/25/16
95
Simple Association
Is the weakest link between objects
Is a reference by which one object can interact with
some other object
Is simply called as association
1/25/16
96
Kinds of Simple Association

w.r.t navigation
One-way Association
Two-way Association
w.r.t number of objects

Binary Association
Ternary Association
N-ary Association
1/25/16
97
One-way Association
We can navigate along a single direction only
Denoted by an arrow towards the server object
1/25/16
98
Example Association
Ali
lives1 in
House
Ali lives in a House

1/25/16
99
Example Association
Ali
drives
1
Car
Ali drives his Car

1/25/16
100
Two-way Association
We can navigate in both directions
Denoted by a line between the associated objects
1/25/16
101
Example Two-way Association

worksEmployee
* for
Company
Employee works for company

Company employs employees
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102
Yasir
frien
1 d
Ali
Yasir is a friend of Ali

Ali is a friend of Yasir
1/25/16
103
Binary Association
Associates objects of exactly two classes
Denoted by a line, or an arrow between the associated
objects
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104
Example Binary Association

worksEmployee
* for
Company
Association works-for associates objects of

exactly two classes
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105
Ali
drives
1
Car
Association drives associates objects of

exactly two classes
1/25/16
106
Ternary Association
Associates objects of exactly three classes
Denoted by a diamond with lines connected to
associated objects
1/25/16
107
Example Ternary Association

Student
Teacher
1
*
*
Course
Objects of exactly three classes are
associated
1/25/16
108

Project *
Language
*
1
Person
associated
1/25/16
109
N-ary Association
An association between 3 or more classes
Practical examples are very rare
1/25/16
110
Composition
An object may be composed of other smaller objects
The relationship between the part objects and the
whole object is known as Composition
Composition is represented by a line with a filleddiamond head towards the composer object
1/25/16
111
Example Composition of Ali

Head
1
Arm
Ali
Leg
1
Body
1/25/16
112
Example Composition of Chair

Back
1
Chair
1/25/16
Arm
Seat
4
Leg
113
Composition is Stronger
Composition is a stronger relationship, because
Composed object becomes a part of the composer
Composed object cant exist independently
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114
Example Composition is Stronger

Ali is made up of different body parts
They cant exist independent of Ali
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115

Chairs body is made up of different parts
They cant exist independently
1/25/16
116
Aggregation
An object may contain a collection (aggregate) of other
objects
The relationship between the container and the
contained object is called aggregation
Aggregation is represented by a line with unfilleddiamond head towards the container
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117
Example Aggregation
Bed
1
Chair
Room
Table
1
Cupboard
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118
Example Aggregation
Garden
1/25/16
Plant
119
Aggregation is Weaker
Aggregation is weaker relationship, because
Aggregate object is not a part of the container
Aggregate object can exist independently
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120
Example Aggregation is Weaker

Furniture is not an intrinsic part of room
Furniture can be shifted to another room, and so can
exist independent of a particular room
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121

A plant is not an intrinsic part of a garden
It can be planted in some other garden, and so can exist
independent of a particular garden
1/25/16
122
1/25/16
References



[www.nu.edu.pk]
123
Thanks
1/25/16
124
CSC241:
Object Oriented
Programming
Spring 2013
1. Inheritance Concepts
2. Polymorphism
1/25/16
Farhan Aadil
1/25/16
COMSATS
Intitute
of Information
TechnologyPhones!
Please
turn
OFF
your Mobile
125
Class diagram showing

inheritance
Inheritance among
classes is shown as
open triangular
arrowhead in UML
Class Diagram.
Arrow be read as
derived from.
1/25/16
COMSATS Intitute of Information Technology
126
Association
Objects in an object model interact with each other
Usually an object provides services to several other
objects
An object keeps associations with other objects to
delegate tasks
1/25/16
127
Kinds of Association
Class Association
Inheritance
Object Association
Simple Association
Composition
Aggregation
1/25/16
128
Simple Association
Is the weakest link between objects
Is a reference by which one object can interact with
some other object
Is simply called as association
1/25/16
129
Kinds of Simple Association

w.r.t navigation
One-way Association
Two-way Association
w.r.t number of objects

Binary Association
Ternary Association
N-ary Association
1/25/16
130
One-way Association
We can navigate along a single direction only
Denoted by an arrow towards the server object
1/25/16
131
Example Association
Ali
lives1 in
House
Ali lives in a House

1/25/16
132
Example Association
Ali
drives
1
Car
Ali drives his Car

1/25/16
133
Two-way Association
We can navigate in both directions
Denoted by a line between the associated objects
1/25/16
134

worksEmployee
* for
Company
Employee works for company

Company employs employees
1/25/16
135
Yasir
frien
1 d
Ali
Yasir is a friend of Ali

Ali is a friend of Yasir
1/25/16
136
Binary Association
Associates objects of exactly two classes
Denoted by a line, or an arrow between the associated
objects
1/25/16
137

worksEmployee
* for
Company
Association works-for associates objects of

exactly two classes
1/25/16
138
Ali
drives
1
Car
Association drives associates objects of

exactly two classes
1/25/16
139
Ternary Association
Associates objects of exactly three classes
Denoted by a diamond with lines connected to
associated objects
1/25/16
140

Student
Teacher
1
*
*
Course
associated
1/25/16
141

Project *
Language
*
1
Person
associated
1/25/16
142
N-ary Association
An association between 3 or more classes
Practical examples are very rare
1/25/16
143

association
Association among classes is shown as a simple arrow (ray) in UML

(Unified Modeling Language) Class Diagram.
The direction of arrow shows navigability.
time12 calls time24.
This is unidirectional association.
If both classes call operation of the other, navigability is both sided
(bidirectional association).
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144
Composition
An object may be composed of other smaller objects
The relationship between the part objects and the
whole object is known as Composition
Composition is represented by a line with a filleddiamond head towards the composer object
1/25/16
145

composition
Composition among classes is shown as solid diamond

arrowhead in UML Class Diagram.
1/25/16
146
Example Composition of Ali

Head
1
Arm
Ali
Leg
1
Body
1/25/16
147
Example Composition of Chair

Back
1
Chair
1/25/16
Arm
Seat
4
Leg
148
Composition is Stronger
Composition is a stronger relationship, because
Composed object becomes a part of the composer
Composed object cant exist independently
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149

Ali is made up of different body parts
They cant exist independent of Ali
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150

Chairs body is made up of different parts
They cant exist independently
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Composition
Composition is a consists of relationship.
COURSE_DATA consists of STUDENT_DATA (besides
other things).
STUDENT_DATA lifetime is the same as COURSE_DATA.
Part may belong to only one whole.
The lifetime of the part is the same as the lifetime of the
whole.
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National University of Computer and Emerging

Sciences
152
Aggregation
An object may contain a collection (aggregate) of other
objects
The relationship between the container and the
contained object is called aggregation
Aggregation is represented by a line with unfilleddiamond head towards the container
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154

aggregation
Aggregation among classes is shown as open diamond

arrowhead in UML Class Diagram.
1/25/16
155
Example Aggregation
Bed
1
Chair
Room
Table
1
Cupboard
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156
Example Aggregation
Garden
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Plant
157
Aggregation is Weaker
Aggregation is weaker relationship, because
Aggregate object is not a part of the container
Aggregate object can exist independently
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158

Furniture is not an intrinsic part of room
Furniture can be shifted to another room, and so can
exist independent of a particular room
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159

A plant is not an intrinsic part of a garden
It can be planted in some other garden, and so can exist
independent of a particular garden
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160
More about struct

More on data hiding
By default all the data members of struct are
accessible (through the struct variable/object)
This behaviour is known as data being
public.
We can hide them by explicitly marking them
as private.
public: data or functions, can be accessed
from anywhere, outside or inside.
private: data or functions, cannot be
accessed from outside.
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Sciences
161
More about struct

struct TEST
{
int x;
}
TEST var;
var.x = 10;
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struct TEST
{
public:
int x;
}
struct TEST
{
private:
int x;
}
TEST var;
var.x = 10;
TEST var;
var.x = 10;
//error

Sciences
162
More about struct

struct stack {
int data[100];
int top;
} S;
///////////////////////////////////
void push(stack S, int a){

assert(top<100);
S.data[top]=a; S.top++;
}
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More about struct

struct TEST
{
private:
int x;
}
struct TEST
{
private:
int x;
public:
void Setx(int val) { x = val; };
TEST var;
var.x = 10; //e
int y = var.x; //e
int Getx() { return x; };

}
TEST var;
var.Setx(10);
int y = var.Getx();
So even legitimate access of data goes through an

interface! We have secured the data further!!!
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Sciences
164
Member functions definition
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struct TEST {
private:
We can declare
int x;
member functions
public:
void Setx(int val);
inside the struct and
int Getx();
define them outside
}
as well using the
void TEST::Setx(int val) {
x = val;
name of struct to
}
resolve ambiguity.
int TEST::Getx() {
return x;
}
V. IMP: Note that this
main() {
allows us to separate
TEST var;
var.Setx(10);
header and
int y = var.Getx();
implementation
files!
National University of Computer
and Emerging
}
Sciences
165
Class Compatibility
A class is behaviorally compatible with another if it
supports all the operations of the other class
Such a class is called subtype
A class can be replaced by its subtype
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166
Class Compatibility
Derived class is usually a subtype of the base class
It can handle all the legal messages (operations) of the
base class
Therefore, base class can always be replaced by the
derived class
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167
Example Class Compatibility

Shape
color
vertices
move
setColor
draw
Circle
radius
draw
computeArea
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Line
length
draw
getLength
Triangle
angle
draw
computeArea
168
Example Class Compatibility

File
size
open
print
ASCII File
print
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PDF File
print
PS File
print
169
Polymorphism
In general, polymorphism refers to existence of different
forms of a single entity
For example, both Diamond and Coal are different forms
of Carbon
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170
Polymorphism in OO Model
In OO model, polymorphism means that different
objects can behave in different ways for the same
message (stimulus)
Consequently, sender of a message does not need to
know exact class of the receiver
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171
Example Polymorphism
View
draw
Line
draw
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Shape
draw
Circle
draw
Triangle
draw
172
Example Polymorphism
Editor
print
ASCII File
print
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File
print
PDF File
print
PS File
print
173
Polymorphism Advantages
Messages can be interpreted in different
ways depending upon the receiver class
View
draw
Line
draw
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Shape
draw
Circle
draw
Triangle
draw
174
New classes can be added without changing
the existing model
View
Square
draw
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draw
Line
draw
Shape
draw
Circle
draw
Triangle
draw
175
In general, polymorphism is a powerful tool to develop
flexible and reusable systems
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176
Object-Oriented Modeling
An Example
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177
Problem Statement
Develop a graphic editor that can draw different
geometric shapes such as line, circle and triangle. User
can select, move or rotate a shape. To do so, editor
provides user with a menu listing different commands.
Individual shapes can be grouped together and can
behave as a single shape.
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178
Identify Classes
Extract nouns in the problem statement
Develop a graphic editor that can draw different
geometric shapes such as line, circle and triangle. User
can select, move or rotate a shape. To do so, editor
provides user with a menu listing different commands.
behave as a single shape.
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179
Identify Classes
Eliminate irrelevant classes
Editor Very broad scope
User Out of system boundary
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180
Identify Classes
Add classes by analyzing requirements
Group required to behave as a shape
Individual shapes can be grouped together and can behave
as a single shape
View editor must have a display area
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181
Identify Classes
Following classes have been identified:
Shape
Line
Circle
Triangle
Menu
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Group
View
182
Object Model Graphic Editor

Shape
Group
Line
Circle
Menu
View
Triangle
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183
Identify Associations
Extract verbs connecting objects
Individual shapes can be grouped together
Group consists of lines, circles, triangles
Group can also consists of other groups
(Composition)
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184
Verify access paths
View contains shapes
View contains
View contains
View contains
View contains
(Aggregation)
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lines
circles
triangles
groups
185
Verify access paths
Menu sends message to View
(Simple One-Way Association)
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186

Menu
View
Shape
n
Line n
n
Circle
n
Group
Triangle
n
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187
Identify Attributes
Extract properties of the object
From the problem statement
Properties are not mentioned
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188
Identify Attributes
From the domain knowledge
Line
Color
Vertices
Length
Circle
Color
Vertices
Radius
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Triangle
Color
Vertices
Angle
Shape
Color
Vertices
189
Identify Attributes
From the domain knowledge
Group
Menu
noOfObjects
View
Name
isOpen
noOfObjects
selected
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190

Menu
name
isOpen
View
noOfObjects
selected
Shape
color
n vertices
n
n
Line n
length
n
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Circle
radius
n
Triangle
angle
n
n
Group
noOfObjects
n
191
Identify Operations
Extract verbs connected with an object
Develop a graphic editor that can draw

different geometric shapes such as line,
circle and triangle. User can select, move
or rotate a shape. To do so, editor provides
user with a menu listing different
commands. Individual shapes can be
grouped together and can behave as a
single shape.
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192
Identify Operations
Eliminate irrelevant operations
Develop out of system boundary
Behave have broad semantics
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193
Identify Operations
Following are selected operations:
Line
Draw
Select
Move
Rotate
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Circle
Draw
Select
Move
Rotate
194
Identify Operations
Triangle
Draw
Select
Move
Rotate
1/25/16
Shape
Draw
Select
Move
Rotate
195
Identify Operations
Group
Draw
Select
Move
Rotate
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Menu
Open
Select
Move
Rotate
196
Identify Operations
Extract operations using domain
knowledge
View
Add
Remove
Group
Show
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Select
Move
Rotate
197
View
noOfObjects
selected
Menu
name
isOpen
add()
remove()
group()
show()
select()
move()
rotate()
open()
select()
move()
rotate()
Line n
length
draw()
n
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Shape
color
vertices
n
Triangle
angle
n
Circle
radius
draw()
draw()
select()
move()
rotate()
n
draw()
Group
noOfObjects
n
draw()
198
Identify Inheritance
Search is a kind of by looking at keywords like such
as, for example, etc
shapes such as line, circle and triangle
Line, Circle and Triangle inherits from Shape
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199
Identify Inheritance
By analyzing requirements
behave as a single shape
Group inherits from Shape
1/25/16
200
Refining the Object Model

Application of inheritance demands an iteration over the
whole object model
In the inheritance hierarchy,
1/25/16
All attributes are shared

All associations are shared
Some operations are shared
Others are overridden
201

Share associations
View contains all kind of shapes
Group consists of all kind of shapes
1/25/16
202

Share attributes
Shape Line, Circle, Triangle and Group
Color, vertices
1/25/16
203

Share operations
Select
Move
Rotate
1/25/16
204

Share the interface and override implementation
Draw
1/25/16
205
Menu
name
isOpen
open()
select()
move()
rotate()
1/25/16
View
noOfObjects
selected
Shape
color
vertices
add()
remove()
group()
show()
select()
move()
rotate()
draw()
select()
move()
rotate()
Line
length
Circle
radius
Triangle
angle
draw()
draw()
draw()
Group
noOfObjects
draw()
206
View
noOfObjects
selected
Menu
name
isOpen
add()
remove()
group()
show()
select()
move()
rotate()
open()
select()
move()
rotate()
Line n
length
draw()
n
1/25/16
Shape
color
vertices
n
Triangle
angle
n
Circle
radius
draw()
draw()
select()
move()
rotate()
n
draw()
Group
noOfObjects
n
draw()
207
Class
Class is a tool to realize objects
Class is a tool for defining a new type
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208
Example
Lion is an object
Student is an object
Both has some attributes and some behaviors
1/25/16
209
Uses
The problem becomes easy to understand
Interactions can be easily modeled
1/25/16
210
Type in C++
Mechanism for user defined types are
Structures
Classes
Built-in types are like int, float and double

User defined type can be
Student in student management system
Circle in a drawing software
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211
Abstraction
Only include details in the system that are required for
making a functional system
Relevant to our problem
Student
1/25/16
Name
Address
Sibling
Father Business
Not relevant to our problem
212
Defining a New User Defined Type

class ClassName
{
Syntax
DataType MemberVariable;
ReturnType MemberFunction();
Syntax
};
1/25/16
213
Example
1/25/16
Member Functions
class Student
{
int rollNo;
Member variables
char *name;
float CGPA;
char *address;
void setName(char *newName);

void setRollNo(int newRollNo);
};
214
Why Member Function

They model the behaviors of an object
Objects can make their data invisible
Object remains in consistent state
1/25/16
215
Example
Student aStudent;
aStudent.rollNo = 514;
aStudent.rollNo = -514; //Error
1/25/16
216
Object and Class

Object is an instantiation of a user defined type or a
class
1/25/16
217
Declaring class variables

Variables of classes (objects) are declared just like
variables of structures and built-in data types
TypeName VaraibaleName;
int var;
Student aStudent;
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218
Accessing members
Members of an object can be accessed using
dot operator (.) to access via the variable name
arrow operator (->) to access via a pointer to an object
Member variables and member functions are accessed

in a similar fashion
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219
Example
class Student{
int rollNo;
void setRollNo(int
aNo);
};
Student aStudent;
aStudent.rollNo;
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Error
220
struct -> class transition!
1/25/16
struct TEST {
class TEST {
private:
private:
int x;
int x;
public:
public:
void Setx(int val) { x =
val; };
val; };
}
main() {
}
TEST var;
main() {
var.Setx(10);
TEST var;
int y = var.Getx();
var.Setx(10);
}
int y = var.Getx();
Replacing struct with class, does not have any affect!
}
This is the keyword
OOL
(C++)
for OOP!
Nationalthat
University
of Computer
and provide
Emerging
Sciences
221
Diff. between struct & class

struct TEST {
int x;
val; };
}
main() {
TEST var;
var.x = 10; //possible
var.Setx(10);
int y = var.Getx();
}
1/25/16
class TEST {
int x;
val; };
}
main() {
TEST var;
var.x = 10; //error
var.Setx(10); //error
int y = var.Getx(); //error
By default struct (C++)} members are

public, whereas
class
members are private.
Sciences
222
Diff. between struct & class

struct TEST {
class TEST {
private:
int x;
int x;
public:
public:
val; };
val; };
}
}
main() {
main() {
TEST var;
TEST var;
var.x = 10; //error
var.x = 10; //error
var.Setx(10);
var.Setx(10);
int y = var.Getx();
int y = var.Getx();
}
By
default struct (C++)} members are
1/25/16

public, whereas
class
members are private.
Sciences
223
Access specifiers
1/25/16
224
Access specifiers
There are three access specifiers
public is used to tell that member can be accessed whenever
you have access to the object
private is used to tell that member can only be accessed
from a member function
protected to be discussed when we cover inheritance
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225
Example
class Student{
private:
char * name;
int rollNo;
public:
void setName(char *);
void setRollNo(int);
...
};
1/25/16
Cannot be accessed outside class
Can be
accessed
outside class
226
Example
class Student{
...
int rollNo;
public:
void setRollNo(int aNo);
};
int main(){
Student aStudent;
aStudent.SetRollNo(1);
}
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227
Default access specifiers

When no access specifier is mentioned then by default
the member is considered private member
1/25/16
228
Example
class Student
{
char * name;
class Student
int RollNo;
private:
char * name;
};
int RollNo;
};
1/25/16
229
Example
class Student
{
char * name;
int RollNo;
void SetName(char *);
Error
};
Student aStudent;
aStudent.SetName(Ali);
1/25/16
230
Example
class Student
{
char * name;
int RollNo;
public:
void setName(char *);
};
Student aStudent;
aStudent.SetName(Ali);
1/25/16
231
Unified Modeling Language (UML) class

diagram
association
(using)
abstract
0..*
inheritance
(is a)
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static
private

Sciences
232 of 21
Assignment (CP)
Install IBM Rational Rose or any other UML tool and
draw the diagrams used in this lecture and take a print
out of those diagrams to show me what you have done.
Deadline: next class
1/25/16
233
References



[www.nu.edu.pk]
1/25/16
234
Thanks
1/25/16
235
CSC241:
Object Oriented
Programming
Spring 2013
1. Inheritance Concepts
2. Polymorphism
1/25/16
Farhan Aadil
1/25/16
COMSATS
Intitute
of Information
TechnologyPhones!
Please
turn
OFF
your Mobile
236
Review
Class
Concept
Definition
Data members
Member Functions
Access specifier
Member Functions
Member functions are the functions that operate on the
data encapsulated in the class
Public member functions are the interface to the class
Member Functions (contd.)

Define member function inside the class definition
OR
Define member function outside the class definition
But they must be declared inside class definition
Function Inside Class Body

class ClassName {
public:
ReturnType FunctionName() {
}
};
Example
Define a class of student
that has a roll number. This
class should have a
function that can be used
to set the roll number
Example
class Student{
int rollNo;
public:
void setRollNo(int aRollNo){
rollNo = aRollNo;
}
};
Function Outside Class Body

class ClassName{
public:
ReturnType FunctionName();
};
ReturnType ClassName::FunctionName()
{
Scope
resolution
}
operator
Example
class Student{
int rollNo;
public:
void setRollNo(int aRollNo);
};
void Student::setRollNo(int aRollNo){
rollNo = aRollNo;
}
Inline Functions
Instead of calling an inline function compiler replaces
the code at the function call point
Keyword inline is used to request compiler to make a
function inline
It is a request and not a command
Example
inline int Area(int len, int hi)
{
return len * hi;
}
int main()
{
cout << Area(10,20);
}
Inline Functions
If we define the function inside the class body then the
function is by default an inline function
In case function is defined outside the class body then
we must use the keyword inline to make a function
inline
Example
class Student{
int rollNo;
public:
void setRollNo(int aRollNo){
rollNo = aRollNo;
}
};
Example
class Student{
public:
inline void setRollNo(int aRollNo);
};
void Student::setRollNo(int aRollNo){
rollNo = aRollNo;
}
Example
class Student{
public:
};
inline void Student::setRollNo(int aRollNo){
rollNo = aRollNo;
}
Example
class Student{
public:
inline void setRollNo(int aRollNo);
};
inline void Student::setRollNo(int aRollNo){
rollNo = aRollNo;
}
Constructor
Constructor
Constructor is used to initialize the objects of a class
Constructor is used to ensure that object is in well
defined state at the time of creation
Constructor is automatically called when the object is
created
Constructor are not usually called explicitly
Constructor (contd.)
Constructor is a special function having same name as
the class name
Constructor does not have return type
Constructors are commonly public members
Example
class Student{
public:
Student(){
rollNo = 0;
}
};
Example
int main()
{
Student aStudent;
/*constructor is implicitly called at this
point*/
}
Default Constructor
Constructor without any argument is called default
constructor
If we do not define a default constructor the compiler
will generate a default constructor
This compiler generated default constructor initialize
the data members to their default values
Example
class Student
{
int rollNo;
char *name;
float GPA;
public:
//no constructors
};
Example
Compiler generated default constructor
{
rollNo = 0;
GPA = 0.0;
name = NULL;
}
Constructor Overloading
Constructors can have parameters
These parameters are used to initialize the data
members with user supplied data
Example
class Student{
public:
Student();
Student(char * aName);
Student(char * aName, int aRollNo);
Student(int aRollNo, int aRollNo, float aGPA);
};
Example
Student::Student(int aRollNo,
char * aName){
if(aRollNo < 0){
rollNo = 0;
}
else {
rollNo = aRollNo;
}
Example
int main()
{
Student student1;
Student student2(Name);
Student student3(Name, 1);
Student student4(Name,1,4.0);
}
Use default parameter value to reduce the writing effort
Example
Student::Student( char * aName = NULL,
int aRollNo= 0,
float aGPA = 0.0){
}
Is equivalent to
Student();
Student(char * Name, int aRollNo, float aGPA);
References



[www.nu.edu.pk]
1/25/16
266
How to correctly Search for a

software @ google
When we need a software, the first place where we go
is at Google Search. If you don't know the software
name, then we use some keywords at Google Search
(for e.g. Note Taking software, Video Editing software,
Photo Editing software etc). Once Google show us the
results, we click the links after reading its title and
some description. Following such practice often
wastes our time by clicking useless links. What most
of the people don't know is that, you can easily search
for the software / applications at Google Search using
its filtering options. Let's see how we can do that
Consult the file uploaded
1/25/16
267
Thanks
1/25/16
268
CSC241:
Object Oriented
Programming
Spring 2013
1. Functions
1/25/16
Farhan Aadil
Revision
Chapter 5 of book
1/25/16
270
Functions
A function groups a number of program

statements into a unit and gives it a name.
This unit can then be invoked from other parts of

the program.
The most important reason to use functions is to
aid in the conceptual organization of a program
1/25/16
Another reason to use functions is to reduce

program size. Any sequence of instructions that
appears in a program more than once is a
candidate for being made into a function.
The functions code is stored in only one place in

Intitute of Information Technology
271
memory, evenCOMSATS
though
the function is executed
Return type
1/25/16
272 arguments
Input
Functions
//demonstrates a simple function
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int cube(int x);
// function deration
int main(){
// tests the cube() function:
int n = 1;
Input Arguments
while (n != 0){
cin >> n;
cout
<< "\tcube(" << n << ") =
<< cube(n) << endl; // Calling a function
} // end of while loop
system("PAUSE"); return 0;
Return type
}//end of main
int cube( int x ){ // function definition
return x*x*x;
// returns cube of x:
}
// { function body }
1/25/16
273
Functions
1/25/16
Each integer read is passed to the cube() function by the

call cube(n). The value returned by the function replaces
the expression cube(n) and then is passed to the output
object cout
The main() function passes the value 5 to the cube()

function, and the cube() function returns the value 125 to
the main() function.
The argument n is passed by value to the formal parameter

x. This simply means that x is assigned the value of n when
the function is called.
274
Default Arguments
#include <iostream>
//declaration with default arguments
void repchar(char='*', int=45);
int main(){
repchar(); //prints 45 asterisks
repchar('='); //prints 45 equal signs
repchar('+', 30); //prints 30 plus signs
}
// displays line of characters
void repchar(char ch, int n){
// defaults supplied if necessary
for(int j=0; j<n; j++)
// loops n times
cout << ch;
// prints ch
cout << endl;
}
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275
Inline Function
1/25/16
A function call involves substantial overhead.

Extra time and space have to be used to invoke
the function, pass parameters to it, allocate
storage for its local variables, store the
current variables and the location of execution
in the main program, etc.
In some cases, it is better to avoid all this
by specifying the function to be inline. This
tells the compiler to replace each call to the
function with explicit code for the function.
To the programmer, an inline function appears
the same as an ordinary function, except for
the use of the inline specifier.
276
Inline Function
// demonstrates inline functions
#include <iostream>
inline float lbstokg(float pounds){
// converts pounds to kilograms
return 0.453592 * pounds;
}
int main(){
float lbs;
cout << "\nEnter your weight in pounds: ";
cin >> lbs;
cout << "Your weight in kilograms is " << lbstokg(lbs)
<< endl;
return 0;
}
1/25/16
277
Recursion
1/25/16
The existence of functions makes possible a

programming technique called recursion.
Recursion involves a function calling
itself. This sounds rather improbable, and
indeed a function calling itself is often a
bug. However, when used correctly this
technique can be surprisingly powerful.
Recursion is much easier to understand with
an example than with lengthy explanations,
so lets apply it to a program:
The next program, uses recursion instead of
a loop to calculate factorial.
278
Recursion
#include <iostream>
// calls itself to calculate factorials
unsigned long fct(unsigned long n){
static int I = 0; I++;
cout << "You Called Me " << I << " times" << endl;
if(n > 1)
return n * fct(n-1); //self call
else
return 1;
}
int main(){
int n;
cout << "Enter an integer: "; cin >> n;
cout << "Factorial of " << n << " is " << fct(n) << "\n";
}
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Recursion
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References

1/25/16
281
Thanks
1/25/16
282
CSC241:
Object Oriented
Programming
Spring 2013
1. Constructors
1/25/16
Farhan Aadil
1/25/16
COMSATS
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283
Constructor
Constructor
Constructor is used to initialize the objects of a class
Constructor is used to ensure that object is in well
defined state at the time of creation (Lion 4 legs, Roll No
+ve int)
Constructor is automatically called when the object is
created
Constructor are not usually called explicitly
Constructor (contd.)
Constructor is a special function having same name as
the class name
Constructor does not have return type
Constructors are commonly public members
Example
class Student{
public:
Student(){
rollNo = 0;
}
};
Example
int main()
{
Student aStudent;
/*constructor is implicitly called at this
point*/
}
Default Constructor
Constructor without any argument is called default
constructor
If we do not define a default constructor the compiler
will generate a default constructor
This compiler generated default constructor initialize
the data members to their default values
Example
class Student
{
int rollNo;
char *name;
float GPA;
public:
//no constructors
};
Example
Compiler generated default constructor
{
rollNo = 0;
GPA = 0.0;
name = NULL;
}
Constructors can have parameters
These parameters are used to initialize the data
members with user supplied data
Example
class Student{
public:
Student();
Student(char * aName, int aRollNo, float aGPA);
};
Example
Student::Student(int aRollNo,
char * aName){
if(aRollNo < 0){
rollNo = 0;
}
else {
rollNo = aRollNo;
}
Example
int main()
{
Student student1;
Student student2(Name);
Student student3(Name, 1);
Student student4(Name,1,4.0);
}
Use default parameter value to reduce the writing effort
Example
Student::Student( char * aName = NULL,
int aRollNo= 0,
float aGPA = 0.0){
}
Is equivalent to
Student();
Student(char * Name, int aRollNo, float aGPA);
Copy Constructor
Copy constructor are used when:
Initializing an object at the time of creation
When an object is passed by value to a function
Example
void func1(Student student){
}
int main(){
Student studentA;
Student studentB = studentA;
func1(studentA);
}
Copy Constructor (Syntax)

Student::Student(
const Student &obj){
rollNo = obj.rollNo;
name = obj.name;
GPA = obj.GPA;
}
Shallow Copy
When we initialize one object with another then the
compiler copies state of one object to the other
This kind of copying is called shallow copying
Example
Student studentA;
Student studentB = studentA;
studentA
Name
RollNo
GPA
Memory
A
H
M
A
D
studentB
Name
RollNo
GPA
Assignment
Lab Assignment No 3
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References



[www.nu.edu.pk]
1/25/16
304
Thanks
1/25/16
305
CSC241:
Object Oriented
Programming
Spring 2013
1. Destructor
1/25/16
Farhan Aadil
Review
Copy constructors
Destructor
this Pointer
Separation of interface and
implementation
Destructor
You might guess that another function is called
automatically when an object is destroyed.
This is indeed the case. Such a function is
called a destructor.
A destructor also has the same name as the
class name but is preceded by a tilde (~) sign:
Like constructors, destructors do not have a
return value. They also take no arguments.
The most common use of destructors is to deallocate memory that was allocated for the
object by the constructor.
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Using Destructor
1/25/16
// foo.cpp demonstrates destructor

#include <iostream>
class Foo{
private:
int data;
public:
Foo() : data(0)
// constructor (same name as class)
{cout<< "Wakeup \n" ; }
~Foo()
// destructor (same name with tilde)
{cout<< "ByeBye \n" ; }
};
int main(){
Foo s1, s2;
// define two objects of class Foo
system( "PAUSE" ); // Foo *s3; s3 = new Foo; delete s3;
return 0;
}
309
this Pointer
There are situations where
designer wants to return
reference to current object
from a function
In such cases reference is
taken from this pointer like
(*this)
Example
Student
{
return
}
Student
{
return
}
Student::setRollNo(int aNo)
*this;
Student::setName(char *aName)
*this;
Example
int main()
{
Student aStudent;
Student bStudent;
bStudent = aStudent.setName(Ahmad);
bStudent = aStudent.setName(Ali).setRollNo(2);
return 0;
}

implementation
Public member function exposed
by a class is called interface
Separation of implementation
from the interface is good
software engineering
Complex Number
There are two representations of
complex number
Euler form
z = x + i y
Phasor form
z = |z| (cos + i sin )

z is known as the complex modulus and is
known as the complex argument or phase
Example
Old
implementation
Complex
float x
float y
float getX()
float getY()
void setNumber
(float i, float j)
New
implementation
Complex
float z
float theta
float getX()
float getY()
void setNumber
(float i, float j)
Example
class Complex{ //old
float x;
float y;
public:
void setNumber(float i, float j){
x = i;
y = j;
}
};
Example
class Complex{ //new
float z;
float theta;
public:
void setNumber(float i, float j){
theta = arctan(j/i);
};
Advantages
User is only concerned about ways of
accessing data (interface)
User has no concern about the internal
representation and implementation of
the class

implementation
Usually functions are defined in
implementation files (.cpp) while the
class definition is given in header file
(.h)
Some authors also consider this as
separation of interface and
implementation
Student.h
class Student{
int rollNo;
public:
int getRollNo();
};
Student.cpp
#include student.h
void Student::setRollNo(int aNo){
}
int Student::getRollNo(){
Driver.cpp
#include student.h
int main(){
Student aStudent;
}
Classes, Objects and Memory
1/25/16
you might have the impression that each

object created from a class contains separate
copies of that classs data and member
functions.
Its true that each object has its own separate
data items
But all the objects in a given class use the
same member functions.
The member functions are created and placed
in memory only oncewhen they are defined
in the class definition.
Since the functions for each object are
identical. The
data
will
COMSATS
Intituteitems,
of Information however,
Technology
323 hold
1/25/16
324
References



[www.nu.edu.pk]
1/25/16
325
Thanks
1/25/16
326
CSC241:
Object Oriented
Programming
Spring 2013
1.Static class member
2.Const member function
1/25/16
Farhan Aadil
static class member

What is a static variable? What is its scope
(local, file) and storage class (automatic,
static).
What if a data member is static?
A member variable defined as static has
characteristics similar to a normal static
variable: It is visible only within the class, but
its lifetime is the entire program.
It continues to exist even if there are no
objects of the class.
Why would we need a static member data?
1/25/16
328
static class member data

class foo {
private:
static int count; //note: declaration only!
public:
foo() //incr count when object created
{ count++;
}
int getcount() //returns count
int main()
{
foo f1, f2, f3; //create three objects
cout << count is << f1.getcount()
<< endl; //each object
<< endl; //sees the
<< endl; //same value
return 0;
}
{ return count;
}
};
1/25/16

int foo::count = 0; //*definition*
of count
329
static class member

For multiple objects of the same class, new
memory is allocated for data members and
shared memory for all the functions.
This shared memory is also used for static
data members.
Static data member requires two separate
statements for:
Declaration (compiler is told about type and
name)
Definition (compiler sets aside memory)
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static class member

Why this two-part approach?
If static member data were defined inside the class (as it
actually was in early versions of C++), it would violate the
idea that a class definition is only a blueprint and does not
set aside any memory.
Putting the definition of static member data outside the
class also serves to emphasize that the memory space for
such data is allocated only once, before the program starts
to execute,
and that one static member variable is accessed by an
entire class; each object does not have its own version of
the variable, as it would with ordinary member data.
In this way a static member variable is more like a global
variable.
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static class member

Be careful:
Its easy to handle static data incorrectly, and the
compiler is not helpful about such errors.
If you include the declaration of a static variable
but forget its definition, there will be no warning
from the compiler.
Everything looks fine until you get to the linker,
which will tell you that youre trying to reference
an undeclared global variable.
This happens even if you include the definition
but forget the class name (the foo:: in the
example above).
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332
Variable packing in memory

If you do a sizeof(class_obj_or_name) for an
object of a class/struct or class/struct name,
you get the size of the memory allocated for
data members.
Memory alignment in class/struct is a bit
different.
1/25/16
333
Data member packing in

class/struct
class Counter
int sz = sizeof(Counter);
OR
private:
unsigned char count;
unsigned char temp2;
Counter c1;
int sz = sizeof(c1);
short temp1;
Gives sz = 8
int temp;
If there was no temp2, sz will still be 8.

If there was no temp1, sz will still be 8.
If rearranged, sz will change.
Experiment at home and make concepts.
static int obj;

public:
Counter() : count(0)
{
1/25/16
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const Member Functions
There are functions that are meant

to be read only
There must exist a mechanism to
detect error if such functions
accidentally change the data
member
1/25/16
335
Example
bool Student::isRollNo(int aNo){
if(rollNo = = aNo){
return true;
}
return false;
}
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336
Example
bool Student::isRollNo(int aNo){
/*undetected typing mistake*/
if(rollNo = aNo){
return true;
}
return false;
}
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337
Example
bool Student::isRollNo
(int aNo)const{
/*compiler error*/
if(rollNo = aNo){
return true;
}
return false;
}
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Keyword const is placed at the end

of the parameter list
1/25/16
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Declaration:
class ClassName{
ReturnVal Function() const;
};
Definition:
ReturnVal ClassName::Function() const{
}
1/25/16
340
Example
class Student{
public:
int getRollNo() const {
return rollNo;
}
};
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const Functions
Constant member functions cannot
modify the state of any object
They are just read-only
Errors due to typing are also caught at
compile time
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const Functions
Constructors and Destructors cannot
be const
Constructor and destructor are used to
modify the object to a well defined
state
1/25/16
343
Example
class Time{
public:
Time() const {}
~Time() const {}
};
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//error
//error
344
const Function
Constant member function cannot
change data member
Constant member function cannot
access non-constant member
functions
1/25/16
345
Example
class Student{
char * name;
public:
char *getName();
void setName(char * aName);
int ConstFunc() const{
name = getName();//error
setName(Ahmad);//error
}
};
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References



[www.nu.edu.pk]
1/25/16
348
Thanks
1/25/16
349
CSC241:
Object Oriented
Programming
Spring 2013
1.Arrays & String (Chapter 7)
1/25/16
Farhan Aadil
Arrays
In everyday life we commonly group similar

objects into units. We buy eggs by the carton.
In computer languages we also need to group
together data items of the same type. The most
basic mechanism that accomplishes this in C++
is the array.
Arrays can hold a few data items or tens of
thousands. The data items grouped in an array
can be simple types such as int or float, or
they can be user-defined types such as
structures and objects.
An array groups items of the same type. The
items in a in an array are accessed by an
index number. Using an index number to specify
an item allows easy access to a large number
of items.
Defining, Reading and Writing Array

// gets four ages from user, displays them
#include <iostream>
int main(){
int age[4], j; //array 'age' of 4 ints
for(j=0; j<4; j++){ //get 4 ages
cout << "Enter an age: ";
cin >> age[j]; //access array element
}
for(j=0; j<4; j++){ //display 4 ages
cout << "age[" << j << "] = " << age[j] << endl;
cout <<"Address " << &age[j] << " = " << age[j] <<
endl;
}
}
Calculating Average
#include <iostream>
int main(){
double avg, sum = 0 ;
int i ; int marks[10] ; /* array declaration */
for ( i = 0 ; i <= 9 ; i++ ){
cout << "\nEnter marks ";
cin >> marks[i]; /* store data in array */
}
for ( i = 0 ; i <= 9 ; i++ )
sum = sum + marks[i] ; /* read data from array*/
avg = sum / 10 ;
cout << "\n Average marks = " << avg <<endl;
}
Using Direct Access on an Array

// Using Direct Access on Array
#include <iostream>
int main(){
int mem[]={50,60,70} ; // Initialize the array
cout << "mem[0] = " << mem[0] << endl;
cout << "mem[1] = " << mem[1] << endl;
cout << "mem[2] = " << mem[2] << endl;
mem[0] = 80;
mem[1] = 90;
mem[2] = 100;
cout << endl;
cout << "mem[0] = " << mem[0] << endl;
cout << "mem[1] = " << mem[1] << endl;
cout << "mem[2] = " << mem[2] << endl;
}
Printing in Reverse Order

#include <iostream>
int main(){
const int SIZE=5; // defines the size N for 5 elements
double a[SIZE];
// declares the arrays elements as
type double
cout << "Enter " << SIZE << " numbers:\t";
for (int i=0; i<SIZE; i++)
cin >> a[i];
cout << "In reverse order: ";
for (int i=SIZE-1; i>=0; i--)
cout << " " << a[i];
}
Out of Bounds
#include <iostream>
int main(){
float a[] = { 22.2,44.4, 66.6 };
float x=11.1;
cout << "I m going to Crash " << endl;
cin >> x;
a[3333] = 88.8; // ERROR: index is out of bounds!
return 0;
}
Passing Array to Function

#include <iostream>
int sum(int[],int); // declaration
int main(){
int a[] = { 11,33, 55,77 };
int size = sizeof(a)/sizeof(int);
cout << "sum(a,size) = " << sum(a,size) << endl;
cout << endl << a[0] << endl;
}
int sum(int a[],int n){
int sum=0;
for (int i=0; i<n; i++)
sum += a[i];
a[0] = 100;
return sum;
}
n Dimensional Arrays
#include <iostream>
int main(){ const int row=2, col=3; int i,j;
int ary[row][col] = {
{11,12,13},
{21,22,23}
};
for(i=0 ; i< row ; i++){
for(j=0 ; j<col; j++){ cout << ary[i][j] << " ";}
cout << endl;
}
for(i=0 ; i< row ; i++){
for(j=0 ; j<col; j++){
cout << &ary[i][j] << "="<<ary[i][j]<<"\t";}
cout << endl;}
return 0;
}
n Dimensional Arrays
ary[0][0]= 0x22ff40 = 11
11 12 13
21 22 23
ary[0][1]= 0x22ff44 = 12
ary[0][2]= 0x22ff48 = 13
ary[1][0]= 0x22ff4C = 21
ary[1][1]= 0x22ff50 = 22
ary[1][2]= 0x22ff54 = 23
2-Dimensional Arrays
#include <iostream>
int ary[row][col] = {
{11,12,13},
{21,22,23},
{31,32,33}
};
for(i=0 ; i< row ; i++){
for(j=0 ; j<col; j++){ cout << ary[i][j] << " ";}
cout << endl;
}
for(i=0 ; i< row ; i++){
cout << &ary[i][j] << "="<<ary[i][j]<<"\t";}
cout << endl;}
}
ary[0][0]= 0x22ff30 = 11
3-Dimensional Arrays
ary[0][1]= 0x22ff34 = 12
ary[0][2]= 0x22ff38 = 13
ary[1][0]= 0x22ff3C = 21
11 12 13
21 22 23
31 32 33
ary[1][1]= 0x22ff40 = 22
ary[1][2]= 0x22ff44 = 23
ary[2][0]= 0x22ff48 = 31
ary[2][1]= 0x22ff4C = 32
ary[2][2]= 0x22ff50 = 33
Calculating Square of a Matrix

#include <iostream>
int A[row][col];
cout << "Square of a " <<row
<<"x"<<col<<"Matrices"<<endl;
for(i=0 ; i< row ; i++){
cout << "A[" << i+1 << "][" << j+1 << "]= ";
cin >> A[i][j];
}
}
for(i=0 ; i< row ; i++)
for(j=0 ; j<col; j++)
A[i][j] = A[i][j]*A[i][j];
for(i=0 ; i< row ; i++){
for(j=0 ; j<col; j++)
cout << A[i][j] << "\t";
cout << endl;
}
return 0;
}
Passing 2D Array to Function

#include <iostream>
void get_data(float a[][3],int row, int col){
int i,j;
for (i=0; i<row; i++)
for (j=0; j<col; j++){
cout << "A["<<i+1<<"]["<<j+1<<"]:";
cin >> a[i][j];}
}
void show_data(float a[][3],int row, int col){
int i,j;
for (i=0; i<row; i++){
for (j=0; j<col; j++)
{cout << a[i][j] << "\t";}
cout << endl; }
}
int main(){
float matrix[4][3]; // 4 rows and 3 columns
get_data(matrix,4,3);
show_data(matrix,4,3);
return 0;
}
Passing 3D Array to Function (1/2)

#include <iostream>
void get_data(float a[][3][2],int row, int col,int page){
int i,j,k;
for (k=0; k<page; k++){
cout <<"A["<< i <<"]["<< j <<"]["<< k <<"]:";
cin >> a[i][j][k];
} // end of for (j=0
} // end of for (i=0
} // end of for (k=0
}
Passing 3D Array to Function (2/2)

void show_data(float a[][3][2],int row, int col, int page){
int i,j,k;
for (k=0; k<page; k++){
cout << a[i][j][k] << "\t";
}
cout << endl;
}
cout << endl;
}
}
int main(){
float matrix[4][3][2]; // 4 rows, 3 columns, 2 pages
get_data(matrix,4,3,2);
show_data(matrix,4,3,2);
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}
Sorting Data Using Bubble Sort Algo

#include <iostream>
void print( float[], int );
void sort ( float[], int );
int main(){
int i; float data[10];
cout << "Enter 10 Numbers for Sorting \n";
for( i=0 ; i<10 ; i++ ){
cout << "Enter No." <<i+1<< ":" ;
cin >> data[i];
}
sort(data,10);
print(data,10);
return 0;
}
Sorting Data Using Bubble Sort Algo

void sort( float a[], int n ){ // bubble sort:
for (int i=1; i<n; i++) // bubble up max{a[0..n-i]}:
for (int j=0; j<n-i; j++)
if (a[j] > a[j+1]){
float temp = a[j];
a[j]=a[j+1];
a[j+1] = temp;
}
}
void print( float a[], int n ){
cout << " Sorted Data is " << endl;
for (int i=0; i<n; i++)
cout << a[i] <<" ";
}
Using C-string
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip.h>
int main(){
char str[] = { 'M','.',' ','A','l','i',0,' ',
'I','I','U',0}; // char ch [] = "M. Ali";
int size = sizeof(str);
cout << "\n The Character Array Size is :" <<size
<< " Bytes" << endl;
for ( int i=0 ; i<size ; i++ )
cout << "str[" << i << "]=" <<str[i] <<" =["
<< int(str[i]) << "]" << endl;
cout << endl << str << endl;
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}
Reading Embedded Blanks

// blanksin.cpp reads string with embedded blanks
#include <iostream>
int main(){
const int MAX = 80;
// max characters in string
char str[MAX];
// string variable str
cout << "\nEnter a string: ";
// cin.get() means a member function get() of the stream
// class of which cin is an object
cin.get(str, MAX); // put string in str
// first argument to get() is the array address where
the
// string being input will be placed.
// The second argument specifies the maximum size of the
// array
cout << "You entered: " << str << endl;
return 0;
}
Copying a String the Hard Way

// strcopy1.cpp
// copies a string using a for loop
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring> //for strlen()
int main(){ //initialized string
char str1[] =
"Oh, Captain, my Captain! "
"our fearful trip is done";
const int MAX = 80; int j; // MAX is size of str2 buffer
char str2[MAX]; //empty string
for( j=0; j<strlen(str1); j++) //copy strlen characters
str2[j] = str1[j]; // from str1 to str2
str2[j] = '\0'; //insert NULL at end
cout << str2 << endl; //display str2
}
Copying a String the Easy Way

// strcopy2.cpp
// copies a string using strcpy() function
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring> //for strcpy()
int main(){
char str1[] = "Tiger, tiger, burning bright\n"
"In the forests of the night";
const int MAX = 80; //size of str2 buffer
char str2[MAX]; //empty string
strcpy(str2, str1); //copy str1 to str2
cout << str2 << endl; //display str2
}
Array of Strings
// straray.cpp
// array of strings
#include <iostream>
int main(){
const int DAYS = 7; //number of strings in array
const int MAX = 10; //maximum size of each string
//An array of strings
char star[DAYS][MAX] = { "Sunday", "Monday", "Tuesday",
"Wednesday", "Thursday", "Friday" , "Saturday" };
for( int j=0 ; j<DAYS ; j++) //display every string
cout << star[j] << endl;
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}
Array of Strings
Lab Task
Write a and test a program to calculate Determinant and Reverse of a 3x3 matrix
References



[www.nu.edu.pk]
1/25/16
376
Thanks
1/25/16
377
CSC241:
Object Oriented
Programming
Spring 2013
1.Composition
2.Aggregation
3.Friend Functions
1/25/16
Farhan Aadil
Pointer to Objects
Pointer to objects are similar as pointer to built-in types
They can also be used to dynamically allocate objects
Example
class Student{
public:
Studen();
void setRollNo(int aNo);
};
Example (Aggregation)
int main(){
Student obj;
Student *ptr;
ptr = &obj;
ptr->setRollNo(10);
return 0;
}
Allocation with new Operator

new operator can be used to create objects at runtime
Example
int main(){
Student *ptr;
ptr = new Student;
ptr->setRollNo(10);
return 0;
}
Example
int main(){
Student *ptr;
ptr = new Student(Ali);
ptr->setRollNo(10);
return 0;
}
Breakup of new Operation

new operator is decomposed as follows
Allocating space in memory
Calling the appropriate constructor
Case Study
Design a class date through which user must be able to
perform following operations
Get and set current day, month and year
Increment by x number of days, months and year
Set default date
Attributes
Attributes that can be seen in this problem statement
are
Day
Month
Year
Default date
Attributes
The default date is a feature shared by all objects
This attribute must be declared a static member
Attributes in Date.h
class Date
{
int day;
int month;
int year;
static Date defaultDate;
};
Interfaces
getDay
getMonth
getYear
setDay
setMonth
setYear
addDay
addMonth
addYear
setDefaultDate
Interfaces
As the default date is a static member the interface
setDefaultDate should also be declared static
Interfaces in Date.h
class Date{
public:
void setDay(int aDay);
int getDay() const;
void addDay(int x);
};
Interfaces in Date.h
class Date{
public:
static void setDefaultDate(
int aDay,int aMonth, int aYear);
};
Constructors and Destructors in Date.h

Date(int aDay = 0,
int aMonth= 0, int aYear= 0);
~Date(); //Destructor
};
Implementation of Date Class

The static member variables must be initialized
Date Date::defaultDate (07,3,2013);
Constructors
Date::Date(int aDay, int aMonth,
int aYear) {
if(aDay==0) {
this->day = defaultDate.day;
}
else{
setDay(aDay);
}
//similarly for other members
}
Destructor
We are not required to do any house keeping chores in
destructor
Date::~Date
{
}
Getter and Setter

void Date::setMonth(int a){
if(a > 0 && a <= 12){
month = a;
}
int getMonth() const{
return month;
}
addYear
void Date::addYear(int x){
year += x;
if(day == 29 && month == 2
&& !leapyear(year)){
day = 1;
month = 3;
}
}
Helper Function
class Date{
private:
bool leapYear(int x) const;
};
Helper Function
bool Date::leapYear(int x) const{
if((x%4 == 0 && x%100 != 0)
|| (x%400==0)){
return true;
}
return false;
}
setDefaultDate
void Date::setDefaultDate(
int d, int m, int y){
if(d >= 0 && d <= 31){
day = d;
}
Aggregation
Composition vs.
Aggregation
Aggregation is a weak relationship

Room
area : float
chairs[50]:Chair *
Room(char *, int)
~Room()
FoldChair(int) : bool
Chair
Chair()
DoSomething() : void
FoldChair() : bool
UnFoldChair() : bool
~Chair()
Aggregation
In aggregation, a pointer or reference to
an object is created inside a class
NOT
The sub-object has a life that is

dependant on the life of its master class
e.g:
Chairs can be moved inside or outside at
anytime
When Room is destroyed, the chairs may
or may not be destroyed
Aggregation
class Room{
private:
float area;
Chair * chairs[50];
Public:
Room();
void AddChair(Chair *, int chairNo);
Chair * GetChair(int chairNo);
bool FoldChair(int chairNo);
};
Aggregation
Room::Room(){
for(int i = 0; i < 50; i++)
chairs[i] = NULL;
}
void Room::AddChair(Chair *
chair1, int chairNo){
if(chairNo >= 0 && chairNo < 50)
chairs[chairNo] = chair1;
}
Aggregation
Chair * Room::GetChair(int chairNo){
return chairs[chairNo];
else
return NULL;
}
bool Room::FoldChair(int chairNo){
return chairs[chairNo]->FoldChair();
else
return false;
}
Aggregation
int main(){
Chair ch1;
{
Room r1;
r1.AddChair(&ch1, 1);
r1.FoldChair(1);
}
ch1.UnFoldChair(1);
return 0;
}
Friend
Functions
Consider the following class:

class X{
private:
int a, b;
public:
void MemberFunction();
Friend
Functions
Global function:
void DoSomething(X obj){
obj.a = 3; //Error
obj.b = 4; //Error
}
Friend
Functions
In order to access the member variables of the

class, function definition must be made a friend
function:
class X{
private:
int a, b;
public:
friend void DoSomething(X obj);

}
Now the function DoSomething can access data
members of class X
Friend
Functions
Prototypes of friend
functions appear in the
class definition
But friend functions are
NOT member functions
Friend
Functions
Friend functions can be placed anywhere

in the class without any effect
Access specifiers dont affect friend
functions or classes
class X{
...
private:
friend void DoSomething(X);
public:
friend void DoAnything(X);
...
};
Friend
Functions
While the definition of the friend

function is:
void DoSomething(X obj){
obj.a = 3;
// No Error
obj.b = 4;
// No Error
friend keyword is not given in

definition
Friend
Functions
If keyword friend is used in the
function definition, its a syntax error
//Error
friend void DoSomething(X obj){
Friend Classes
Similarly, one class can also be made
friend of another class:
class X{
friend class Y;
};
Member functions of class Y can

access private data members of class
X
Friend Classes
Example:
class X{
friend class Y;
private:
int x_var1, x_var2;
...
};
Friend Classes
class Y{
private:
int y_var1, y_var2;
X objX;
public:
void setX(){
objX.x_var1 = 1;
}
};
Friend Classes
int main(){
Y objY;
objY.setX();
return 0;
}
References



[www.nu.edu.pk]
1/25/16
420
Thanks
1/25/16
421
Spring 2013
1.Operator Overloading
1/25/16
Farhan Aadil
1/25/16
COMSATS Intitute of
Information Technology
CSC241:
Object Oriented
Programming
422
Operator overloading
Complex Add(const Complex &);

Complex Subtract(const Complex &);
Complex Multiply(const Complex &);
COMSATS Intitute of
class Complex{
private:
double real, img;
public:
1/25/16
Consider the following class:
423
COMSATS Intitute of
Complex Complex::Add(
const Complex & c1){
Complex t;
t.real = real + c1.real;
t.img = img + c1.img;
return t;
}
1/25/16
Function implementation:
424
Complex c3 = c1.Add(c2);
Adds the contents of c2 to c1 and assigns
it to c3 (copy constructor)
COMSATS Intitute of
The following statement:
1/25/16
425
COMSATS Intitute of
To perform operations in a
single mathematical
statement e.g:
c1+c2+c3+c4
We have to explicitly write:
c1.Add(c2.Add(c3.Add(c4)))
1/25/16
426
COMSATS Intitute of
Alternative way is:

t1 = c3.Add(c4);
t2 = c2.Add(t1);
t3 = c1.Add(t2);
1/25/16
427
Converting it to C++ code will involve

complicated mixture of function calls
Less readable
Chances of human mistakes are very high
Code produced is very hard to maintain
COMSATS Intitute of
If the mathematical expression is big:
1/25/16
428
COMSATS Intitute of
C++ provides a very elegant solution:

C++ allows you to overload common
operators like +, - or * etc
Mathematical statements dont have to be
explicitly converted into function calls
1/25/16
429
COMSATS Intitute of
Assume that operator + has

been overloaded
Actual C++ code becomes:
c1+c2+c3+c4
The resultant code is very easy
to read, write and maintain
1/25/16
430
COMSATS Intitute of
C++ automatically overloads

operators for pre-defined types
Example of predefined types:
int
float
double
char
long
1/25/16
431
float x;
int y;
x = 102.02 + 0.09;
Y = 50 + 47;
COMSATS Intitute of
Example:
1/25/16
432
// for float addition:

Add(float a, float b)
COMSATS Intitute of
The compiler probably calls the

correct overloaded low level function
for addition i.e:
// for integer addition:
Add(int a, int b)
1/25/16
433
COMSATS Intitute of
Operator functions are not usually

called directly
They are automatically invoked to
evaluate the operations they
implement
1/25/16
434
COMSATS Intitute of
List of operators that can be

overloaded in C++:
1/25/16
435
Reason: They take name,

rather than value in their
argument except for ?:
?: is the only ternary operator
in C++ and cant be overloaded
COMSATS Intitute of
List of operators that cant be

overloaded:
1/25/16
436
COMSATS Intitute of
The precedence of an operator is

NOT affected due to overloading
Example:
c1*c2+c3
c3+c2*c1
both yield the same answer
1/25/16
437
COMSATS Intitute of
Associativity is NOT
changed due to
overloading
Following arithmetic
expression always is
evaluated from left to right:
c1 + c2 + c3 + c4
1/25/16
438
COMSATS Intitute of
Unary operators and

assignment operator are right
associative, e.g:
a=b=c is same as a=(b=c)
All other operators are left
associative:
c1+c2+c3 is same as
(c1+c2)+c3
1/25/16
439
COMSATS Intitute of
Always write code

representing the operator
Example:
Adding subtraction code
inside the + operator
will create chaos
1/25/16
440
COMSATS Intitute of
Creating a new operator is

a syntax error (whether
unary, binary or ternary)
You cannot create $
1/25/16
441
COMSATS Intitute of
Arity of an operator is NOT affected

by overloading
Example:
Division operator will take
exactly two operands in any
case:
b = c / d
1/25/16
442
COMSATS Intitute of
Binary operators act on two

quantities
Binary operators:
1/25/16
Binary operators
443
COMSATS Intitute of
General syntax:
Member function:
TYPE1 CLASS::operator B_OP(
TYPE2 rhs){
...
}
1/25/16
Binary operators
444
COMSATS Intitute of
General syntax:
Non-member function:
TYPE1 operator B_OP(TYPE2 lhs,
TYPE3 rhs){
...
}
1/25/16
Binary operators
445
1/25/16
Binary operators
COMSATS Intitute of
The operator OP must have at

least one formal parameter of type
class (user defined type)
Following is an error:
int operator + (int, int);
446
COMSATS Intitute of
Overloading + operator:
class Complex{
private:
double real, img;
public:
Complex operator +(const

Complex & rhs);
};
1/25/16
Binary operators
447
COMSATS Intitute of
Complex Complex::operator +(
const Complex & rhs){
Complex t;
t.real = real + rhs.real;
t.img = img + rhs.img;
return t;
}
1/25/16
Binary operators
448
COMSATS Intitute of
The return type is Complex so as to

facilitate complex statements like:
Complex t = c1 + c2 + c3;
The above statement is automatically
converted by the compiler into appropriate
function calls:
(c1.operator +(c2)).operator +(c3);
1/25/16
Binary operators
449
COMSATS Intitute of
If the return type was void,

class Complex{
...
public:
void operator+(
const Complex & rhs);

};
1/25/16
Binary operators
450
COMSATS Intitute of
void Complex::operator+(const
Complex & rhs){
real = real + rhs.real;
img = img + rhs.img;
};
1/25/16
Binary operators
451
COMSATS Intitute of
we have to do the same operation

c1+c2+c3 as:
c1+c2
c1+c3
// final result is stored in c1
1/25/16
Binary operators
452
Assignments and cascaded expressions are not

possible
Code is less readable
Debugging is tough
Code is very hard to maintain
COMSATS Intitute of
Drawback of void return type:
1/25/16
Binary operators
453
References



[www.nu.edu.pk]
1/25/16
454
Thanks
1/25/16
455
CSC241:
Object Oriented
Programming
Spring 2013
1. Inheritance
1/25/16
Farhan Aadil
Inheritance in Classes
If a class B inherits from class A, then B
contains all the characteristics (information
structure and behavior) of class A
The parent class is called base class and
the child class is called derived class
Besides inherited characteristics, derived
class may have its own unique
characteristics
1/25/16
457
UML Notation
1/25/16
Parent Class
Base Class
Child Class
Derived Class
458
Inheritance in C++
There are three types of inheritance in C++
Public
Private
Protected
1/25/16
459
IS A Relationship
IS A relationship is modeled with the help
of public inheritance
Syntax
class ChildClass
: public BaseClass{
...
};
1/25/16
460
Example
class Person{
...
};
class Student: public Person{
...
};
1/25/16
461
Accessing Members
Public members of base class become
public member of derived class
Private members of base class are not
accessible from outside of base class, even
in the derived class (Information Hiding)
1/25/16
462
Example
class Person{
char *name;
int age;
...
public:
const char *GetName() const;
int GetAge() const;
...
};
1/25/16
463
Example
int semester;
int rollNo;
...
public:
int GetSemester() const;
int GetRollNo() const;
void Print() const;
...
};
1/25/16
464
Example
void Student::Print()
{
ERROR
cout << name << is in << semester
<< semester;
1/25/16
465
Example
void Student::Print()
{
cout << GetName()
<< is in semester
semester;
<<
1/25/16
466
Example
int main(){
Student stdt;
stdt.semester = 0;//error
stdt.name = NULL; //error
cout << stdt.GetSemester();
cout << stdt.GetName();
return 0;
}
1/25/16
467
Allocation in Memory
The object of derived class is represented
in memory as follows
base member1
base member2
...
Data members of
base class
derived member1 Data members of

derived member2
derived class
...
1/25/16
468
Allocation in Memory
Every object of derived class has an
anonymous object of base class
1/25/16
469
Constructors
The anonymous object of base class must
be initialized using constructor of base
class
When a derived class object is created the
constructor of base class is executed
before the constructor of derived class
1/25/16
470
Constructors
base member1
base member2
...
Base class constructor

initializes the
anonymous object
derived member1
derived member2
...
Derived class
constructor initializes
the derived class
object
1/25/16
471
Example
class Parent{
public:
Parent(){ cout <<
Parent Constructor...;}
};
class Child : public Parent{
public:
Child(){ cout <<
Child Constructor...;}
};
1/25/16
472
Example
int main(){
Child cobj;
return 0;
}
Output:
Parent Constructor...
Child Constructor...
1/25/16
473
Constructor
If default constructor of base class does not
exist then the compiler will try to generate
a default constructor for base class and
execute it before executing constructor of
derived class
1/25/16
474
Constructor
If the user has given only an
overloaded constructor for base
class, the compiler will not
generate default constructor for
base class
1/25/16
475
Example
class Parent{
public:
Parent(int i){}
};
public:
Child(){}
} Child_Object; //ERROR
1/25/16
476
Base Class Initializer

C++ has provided a mechanism to
explicitly call a constructor of base class
from derived class
The syntax is similar to member initializer
and is referred as base-class initialization
1/25/16
477
Example
class Parent{
public:
Parent(int i){};
};
public:
Child(int i): Parent(i)
{}
};
1/25/16
478
Example
class Parent{
public:
Parent(){cout <<
Parent Constructor...;}
...
};
public:
Child():Parent()
{cout << Child Constructor...;}
...
};
1/25/16
479

User can provide base class initializer
and member initializer simultaneously
1/25/16
480
Example
class Parent{
public:
Parent(){}
};
int member;
public:
Child():member(0), Parent()
{}
};
1/25/16
481

The base class initializer can be
written after member initializer for
derived class
The base class constructor is
executed before the initialization of
data members of derived class.
1/25/16
482
Initializing Members
Derived class can only initialize members
of base class using overloaded constructors
Derived class can not initialize the public
data member of base class using
member initialization list
1/25/16
483
Example
class Person{
public:
int age;
char *name;
...
public:
Person();
};
1/25/16
484
Example
private:
int semester;
...
public:
Student(int a):age(a)
{
//error
}
};
1/25/16
485
Reason
It will be an assignment not an initialization
1/25/16
486
Destructors
Destructors are called in reverse order of
constructor called
Derived class destructor is called before the
base class destructor is called
1/25/16
487
Example
class Parent{
public:
Parent(){cout <<Parent Constructor;}
~Parent(){cout<<Parent Destructor;}
};
public:
Child(){cout << Child Constructor;}
~Child(){cout << Child Destructo;}
};
1/25/16
488
Example
Output:
Parent Constructor
Child Constructor
Child Destructor
Parent Destructor
1/25/16
489
Protected Access Specifier
1/25/16
490
Date Class
class Date{
int day, month, year;
static Date defaultDate;
public:
void SetDay(int aDay);
int GetDay() const;
void AddDay(int x);
static void SetDefaultDate(

int aDay,int aMonth, int aYear);
Date Class
...
private:
bool IsLeapYear();
};
int main(){
Date aDate;
aDate.IsLeapYear(); //Error
return 0;
}
Creating SpecialDate Class

Date
Special Date
Special Date
AddSpecialYear
...
Creating SpecialDate Class

class SpecialDate: public Date{
public:
void AddSpecialYear(int i){
...
if(day == 29 && month == 2
&& !IsLeapyear(year+i)){ //ERROR!
...
}
}
};
Modify Access Specifier

We can modify access specifier IsLeapYear from
private to public
Modified Date Class

class Date{
public:
...
bool IsLeapYear();
};
Modified AddSpecialYear
void SpecialDate :: AddSpecialYear
(int i){
...
if(day == 29 && month == 2
&& !IsLeapyear(year+i)){
...
}
}
Protected members
Protected members can not be accessed outside the
class
Protected members of base class become protected
member of derived class in Public inheritance
Modified Date Class

class Date{
protected:
bool IsLeapYear();
};
int main(){
Date aDate;
aDate.IsLeapYear(); //Error
return 0;
}
Modified AddSpecialYear
void SpecialDate :: AddSpecialYear
(int i){
...
if(day == 29 && month == 2
&& !IsLeapyear(year+i)){
...
}
}
Disadvantages
Breaks encapsulation
The protected member is part of base classs
implementation as well as derived classs
implementation
References


National University of Computer & Emerging

Sciences ,FAST [www.nu.edu.pk]
1/25/16
502
Thanks
1/25/16
503
CSC241:
Object Oriented
Programming
Spring 2013
1. Inheritance
1/25/16
Farhan Aadil
Hierarchy of Inheritance
We represent the classes involved in
inheritance relation in tree like hierarchy
1/25/16
505
Example
GrandParent
1/25/16
Parent1
Parent2
Child1
Child2
506
Direct Base Class

A direct base class is explicitly
listed in a derived class's header
with a colon (:)
class Child1:public Parent1

...
1/25/16
507
Indirect Base Class

An indirect base class is not
explicitly listed in a derived class's
header with a colon (:)
It is inherited from two or more
levels up the hierarchy of
inheritance
1/25/16
class GrandParent{};
class Parent1:
public GrandParent {};
class Child1:public Parent1{};
508
Base Initialization
The child can only perform the initialization of direct
base class through base class initialization list
The child can not perform the initialization of an
indirect base class through base class initialization list
1/25/16
509
Example
class GrandParent{
int gpData;
public:
GrandParent() : gpData(0){...}
GrandParent(int i) : gpData(i){...}
void Print() const;
};
1/25/16
510
Example
class Parent1: public GrandParent{
int pData;
public:
Parent1() : GrandParent(),
pData(0) {}
};
1/25/16
511
Example
class Child1 : public Parent1 {
public:
Child1() : Parent1() {...}
Child1(int i) : GrandParent (i) //Error
{...}
void Print() const;
};
1/25/16
512
Overriding
Child class can override the function of GrandParent
class
1/25/16
513
Example
GrandParent
Print()
Parent1
Child1
Print()
1/25/16
514
Example
void GrandParent::Print() {
cout << GrandParent::Print
<< endl;
}
void Child1::Print() {
cout << Child1::Print << endl;
}
1/25/16
515
Example
int main(){
Child1 obj;
obj.Print();
obj.Parent1::Print();
obj.GrandParent::Print();
return 0;
}
1/25/16
516
Output
Output is as follows
Child1::Print
GrandParent::Print
GrandParent::Print
1/25/16
517
Types of Inheritance
There are three types of inheritance
Public
Protected
Private
Use keyword public, private or protected to

specify the type of inheritance
1/25/16
518
Public Inheritance
class Child: public Parent {};
Member access in
Base Class
Derived Class
Public
Public
Protected
Protected
Private
Hidden
Protected Inheritance
class Child: protected Parent {};
Member access in
Base Class
Derived Class
Public
Protected
Protected
Protected
Private
Hidden
Private Inheritance
class Child: private Parent {};
Member access in
Base Class
Derived Class
Public
Private
Protected
Private
Private
Hidden
Private Inheritance
If the user does not specifies the type of inheritance
then the default type is private inheritance
class Child: private Parent {}
is equivalent to
class Child: Parent {}
1/25/16
522
Private Inheritance
We use private inheritance when we want to reuse code
of some class
Private Inheritance is used to model Implemented in
terms of relationship
1/25/16
523
Example
class Collection {
...
public:
void AddElement(int);
bool SearchElement(int);
bool SearchElementAgain(int);
bool DeleteElement(int);
};
1/25/16
524
Example
If element is not found in the Collection the function
SearchElement will return false
SearchElementAgain finds the second instance of
element in the collection
1/25/16
525
Class Set
class Set: private Collection {
private:
...
public:
void AddMember(int);
bool IsMember(int);
bool DeleteMember(int);
};
1/25/16
526
Class Set
void Set::AddMember(int i){
if (! IsMember(i) )
AddElement(i);
}
bool Set::IsMember(int i){
return SearchElement(i);
}
1/25/16
527
References



1/25/16
528
Thanks
1/25/16
529
CSC241:
Object Oriented
Programming
Spring 2013
1. Private Inheritance
2. Specialization
1/25/16
Farhan Aadil
Private Inheritance
If the user does not specifies the type of inheritance
then the default type is private inheritance
class Child: private Parent {}
is equivalent to
class Child: Parent {}
1/25/16
Private Inheritance
We use private inheritance when we want to reuse code
of some class
Private Inheritance is used to model Implemented in
terms of relationship
1/25/16
Example
class Collection {
...
public:
void AddElement(int);
bool SearchElement(int);
bool SearchElementAgain(int);
bool DeleteElement(int);
};
1/25/16
Example
If element is not found in the Collection the function
SearchElement will return false
SearchElementAgain finds the second instance of
element in the collection
1/25/16
Class Set
class Set: private Collection {
private:
...
public:
void AddMember(int);
bool IsMember(int);
bool DeleteMember(int);
};
1/25/16
Class Set
void Set::AddMember(int i){
if (! IsMember(i) )
AddElement(i);
}
bool Set::IsMember(int i){
return SearchElement(i);
}
1/25/16
the derived class is behaviourally incompatible with the
base class
Behaviourally incompatible means that base class cant
always be replaced by the derived class
1/25/16
Specialization (Restriction) can be implemented using
private and protected inheritance
1/25/16
age = a
setAge( a )
Adult
age : [18..125]
setAge( a )
If age < 18 then

error
else
age = a
COMSATS Intitute of
Person
age : [0..125]
1/25/16
Private Inheritance
class Child: private Parent {};
Member access in
Base Class
Derived Class
Public
Private
Protected
Private
Private
Hidden
Example
class Person{
1/25/16
protected:
int age;
public:
bool SetAge(int _age){
if (_age >=0 && _age <= 125) {
age = _age;
return true;
}
return false;
}
};
Example
1/25/16
class Adult : private Person {

public:
bool SetAge(int _age){
if (_age >=18 && _age <= 125) {
age = _age;
return true;
}
return false;
}
};
Abstract Base Class

In the examples so far, inheritance has been used to add
functionality to an existing class. Now lets look at an example where
inheritance is used for a different purpose: as part of the original
design of a program.
Our example models a database of employees of a widget company.
Weve simplified the situation so that only three kinds of employees
are represented. Managers manage, scientists perform research to
develop better widgets, and laborers operate the dangerous widgetstamping presses.
The database stores a name and an employee identification number
for all employees, no matter what their category. However, for
managers, it also stores their titles and golf club dues. For scientists,
it stores the number of scholarly articles they have published.
Laborers need no additional data beyond their names and numbers.
Our example program starts with a base class employee. This class
handles the employees last name and employee number. From this
class three other classes are derived: manager, scientist, and laborer.
The manager and scientist classes contain additional information
about these categories of employee, and member functions to
handle this information, as shown in Figure
1/25/16
1/25/16
Exercise 1
Imagine a publishing company that markets both book and
audiocassette versions of its works. Create a class publication
that stores the title (a string) and price (type float) of a
publication. From this class derive two classes: book, which
adds a page count (type int), and tape, which adds a playing
time in minutes (type float). Each of these three classes
should have a getdata() function to get its data from the user
at the keyboard, and a putdata() function to display its data.
Write a main() program to test the book and tape classes by
creating instances of them, asking the user to fill in data with
getdata(), and then displaying the data with putdata().
1/25/16
Exercise 2
Start with the publication, book, and tape classes of
Exercise 1. Add a base class sales that holds an array of
three floats so that it can record the dollar sales of a
particular publication for the last three months. Include a
getdata() function to get three sales amounts from the
user, and a putdata() function to display the sales figures.
Alter the book and tape classes so they are derived from
both publication and sales. An object of class book or tape
should input and output sales data along with its other
data. Write a main() function to create a book object and
a tape object and exercise their input/output capabilities.
1/25/16
Exercise 3
Assume that the publisher in Exercises 1 and 3 decides
to add a third way to distribute books: on computer
disk, for those who like to do their reading on their
laptop. Add a disk class that, like book and tape, is
derived from publication. The disk class should
incorporate the same member functions as the other
classes. The data item unique to this class is the disk
type: either CD or DVD. You can use an enum type to
store this item. The user could select the appropriate
type by typing c or d.
1/25/16
References



1/25/16
Thanks
1/25/16
CSC241:
Object Oriented
Programming
Spring 2013
1.
2.
3.
4.
Overriding & Overloading

Virtual Inheritance
Virtual Functions/Members
1/25/16
Farhan Aadil
Overriding Member Functions of

Base Class
Derived class can override the member
functions of its base class
To override a function the derived class
simply provides a function with the same
signature as that of its base class
1/25/16
553
Overriding
Parent
...
Func1
Child
...
Func1
1/25/16
554
Overriding
class Parent {
public:
void Func1();
void Func1(int);
};
class Child: public Parent {
public:
void Func1();
};
1/25/16
555
Overloading vs. Overriding

Overloading is done within the scope of one class
Overriding is done in scope of parent and child
Overriding within the scope of single class is error due
to duplicate declaration
1/25/16
556
Overriding
class Parent {
public:
void Func1();
void Func1();
//Error
};
1/25/16
557

Base Class
Derive class can override member function
of base class such that the working of
function is totally changed
1/25/16
558
Example
class Person{
public:
void Walk();
};
class ParalyzedPerson: public Person{
public:
void Walk();
};
1/25/16
559

Base Class
function is similar to former
implementation
1/25/16
560
Example
1/25/16
class Person{
char *name;
public:
Person(char *=NULL);
const char *GetName() const;
void Print(){
cout << Name: << name
<< endl;
}
};
561
Example
class Student : public Person{
char * major;
public:
Student(char * aName, char* aMajor);
void Print(){
cout <<Name: << GetName()<<endl
<< Major: << major<< endl;
}
...
};
1/25/16
562
Example
int main(){
Student a(Ahmad, Computer
Science);
a.Print();
return 0;
}
1/25/16
563
Output
Output:
Name: Ahmed
Major: Computer Science
1/25/16
564

Base Class
function is based on former
implementation
1/25/16
565
Example
char * major;
public:
Student(char * aName, char* m);
void Print(){
Print();//Print of Person
cout<<Major: << major <<endl;
}
...
};
1/25/16
566
Example
int main(){
Science);
a.Print();
return 0;
}
1/25/16
567
Output
There will be no output as the compiler will
call the print of the child class from print of
child class recursively
There is no ending condition
1/25/16
568
Example
char * major;
public:
Student(char * aName, char* m);
void Print(){
Person::Print();
cout<<Major: << major <<endl;
}
...
};
1/25/16
569
Example
int main(){
Science);
a.Print();
return 0;
}
1/25/16
570
Output
Output:
Name: Ahmed
Major: Computer Science
1/25/16
571
{Before New Topic}
I need Your anonymous
About the
Feed Back
Instructor
&
About the
1/25/16
Course
572
A class can inherit from more then one class
1/25/16
573
Transmitter
...
Transmit()
Receiver
...
Receive()
Phone
1/25/16
574
Example
class Phone: public Transmitter,
public Receiver
{
...
};
1/25/16
575
Derived class can inherit from public base class as well
as private and protected base classes
class Mermaid:
private Woman, private Fish
1/25/16
576
The derived class inherits data members and functions
form all the base classes
Object of derived class can perform all the tasks that an
object of base class can perform
1/25/16
577
Example
int main(){
Phone obj;
obj.Transmit();
obj.Receive();
return 0;
}
1/25/16
578
When using public multiple inheritance, the object of
derived class can replace the objects of all the base
classes
1/25/16
579
Example
int main(){
Phone obj;
Transmitter * tPtr = &obj;
Receiver * rPtr = &obj;
return 0;
}
1/25/16
580
The pointer of one base class cannot be used to call the
function of another base class
The functions are called based on static type
1/25/16
581
Example
int main(){
Phone obj;
Transmitter * tPtr = &obj;
tPtr->Transmit();
tPtr->Receive();
//Error
return 0;
}
1/25/16
582
Example
int main(){
Phone obj;
Receiver * rPtr = &obj;
rPtr->Receive();
rPtr->Transmit(); //Error
return 0;
}
1/25/16
583
If more than one base class have a function with same
signature then the child will have two copies of that
function
Calling such function will result in ambiguity
1/25/16
584
Land Vehicle
Car
1/25/16
Water Vehicle
Amphibiou
s Vehicle
Boat
585
Example
class LandVehicle{
public:
int GetMaxLoad();
};
class WaterVehicle{
public:
int GetMaxLoad();
};
1/25/16
586
Example
class AmphibiousVehicle:
public LandVehicle,
public WaterVehicle{
};
int main(){
AmphibiousVehicle obj;
obj.GetMaxLoad(); // Error
return 0;
}
1/25/16
587
Programmer must explicitly specify the class name
when calling ambiguous function
1/25/16
588
Example
int main(){
obj.LandVehicle::GetMaxLoad();
obj.WaterVehicle::GetMaxLoad();
return 0;
}
1/25/16
589
The ambiguous call problem can arise when dealing
with multiple level of multiple inheritance
1/25/16
590
Vehicle
Land Vehicle
Car
1/25/16
Water Vehicle
Amphibiou
s Vehicle
Boat
591
Example
class Vehicle{
public:
int GetMaxLoad();
};
class LandVehicle : public Vehicle{
};
class WaterVehicle : public Vehicle{
};
1/25/16
592
Example
public LandVehicle,
};
int main(){
obj.GetMaxLoad(); // Error
return 0;
}
1/25/16
593
Example
int main()
{
obj.Vehicle::GetMaxLoad(); //Error
return 0;
}
Vehicle is accessible through two paths
1/25/16
594
Vehicle
Vehicle
Land Vehicle
Water Vehicle
Car
1/25/16
Amphibiou
s Vehicle
Boat
595
Example
int main(){
obj.LandVehicle::GetMaxLoad();
obj.WaterVehicle::GetMaxLoad();
return 0;
}
1/25/16
596
Data member must be used with care when dealing with
more then one level on inheritance
1/25/16
597
Example
class Vehicle{
protected:
int weight;
};
class LandVehicle : public Vehicle{
};
class WaterVehicle : public Vehicle{
};
1/25/16
598
Example
public LandVehicle,
public:
AmphibiousVehicle(){
LandVehicle::weight = 10;
WaterVehicle::weight = 10;
}
};
There are multiple copies of data member weight
1/25/16
599
COMSATS Institute of
Data Members Data Members

of Vehicle
of Vehicle
Data Members
Data Members
of
of LandVehicle
WaterVehicle
Data Members of
AmphibiousVehicle
1/25/16
Memory View
600
Virtual Inheritance
In virtual inheritance there is exactly one copy of the
anonymous base class object
1/25/16
601
Example
class Vehicle{
protected:
int weight;
};
class LandVehicle :
public virtual Vehicle{
};
class WaterVehicle :
public virtual Vehicle{
};
1/25/16
602
Example
public LandVehicle,
public:
AmphibiousVehicle(){
weight = 10;
}
};
1/25/16
603
Memory View
Data Members of Vehicle
Data Members
Data Members
of
of LandVehicle
WaterVehicle
Data Members of
AmphibiousVehicle
1/25/16
604
Virtual Inheritance
Virtual inheritance must be used when necessary
There are situation when programmer would want to
use two distinct data members inherited from base
class rather then one
1/25/16
605
Example
Student
GPA
BS Student MS Student PhD Student
MS/PhD Student
1/25/16
606
References



1/25/16
607
Thanks
1/25/16
608
CSC241:
Object Oriented
Programming
Spring 2013
1. Generic Programming
2. Templates
1/25/16
Farhan Aadil
Quiz
Explain Diamond of Death with help of Class Diagram,
also write code for your class diagram.
1/25/16
610
Feed Back
High level course , contents , lectures assignments etc etc
Level of class/students .
Too much course contents---- ???? What???
ITP Semester 1, Check Concepts
Basic concepts. Should I start the ITP again???
1 concept 1 topic 1 program per class --- Nice Joke ;-)
Questions during lectures-OK Noted
Programs, programs, & programs , ..and then coding
Where is the Theory?????
Revision Classes --- ok Sure, when ??? Tell me
Shortcuts ---- (There is no shortcut in life BTW )
Attention to backbenchers --- How can I do that??
1/25/16
611
Feed Back
Tough time , assignments, project why us????
Dont get angry why? - Body language .. Well concentrate more on the course ;-)
Entertain students .well exactly how? can u explain ;-)
Practical life, students doing masti during lectures
Fast speedWhy, seems to b in hurry always ???
Faviourism , u r not neutral
Not all students are programmers most of them are normal human beings, ;;;;
Not put your self in a situation so that u have to.
---------- Dress code for presentation
1/25/16
612
Motivation
Following function prints an array of integer elements:
void printArray(int* array, int size)
{
for ( int i = 0; i < size; i++ )
cout << array[ i ] << , ;
}
...Motivation
What if we want to print an array of characters?
void printArray(char* array,
int size)
{
}
...Motivation
What if we want to print an array of doubles?
void printArray(double* array,
int size)
{
}
...Motivation
Now if we want to change the way function prints the
array. e.g. from
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
to
1-2-3-4-5
...Motivation
Now consider the Array class that wraps an array of
integers
class Array {
int* pArray;
int size;
public:
};
...Motivation
What if we want to use an Array class that wraps arrays
of double?
class Array {
double* pArray;
int size;
public:
};
...Motivation
What if we want to use an Array class that wraps arrays
of boolean variables?
class Array {
bool* pArray;
int size;
public:
};
...Motivation
Now if we want to add a function sum to Array class,
we have to change all the three classes
Generic Programming
Generic programming refers to programs containing
generic abstractions
A generic program abstraction (function, class) can be
parameterized with a type
Such abstractions can work with many different types of
data
Advantages
Reusability
Writability
Maintainability
Templates
In C++ generic programming is done using templates
Two kinds
Function Templates
Class Templates
Compiler generates different type-specific copies from a

single template
Function Templates
A function template can be parameterized to operate on
different types of data
Declaration
template< class T >
void funName( T x );
// OR
template< typename T >
void funName( T x );
// OR
template< class T, class U, >
void funName( T x, U y, );
Example Function Templates

Following function template prints an array having almost
any type of elements:
void printArray( T* array, int size )
{
}
Example Function Templates

int main() {
int iArray[5] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
void printArray( iArray, 5 );
// Instantiated for int[]
char cArray[3] = { a, b, c };
void printArray( cArray, 3 );
// Instantiated for char[]
return 0;
}
Explicit Type Parameterization

A function template may not have any parameter
template <typename T>
T getInput() {
T x;
cin >> x;
return x;
}

int main() {
int x;
x = getInput();
// Error!
double y;
y = getInput();
}
// Error!

int main() {
int x;
x = getInput< int >();
double y;
y = getInput< double >();
}
User-defined Specializations
A template may not handle all the types successfully
Explicit specializations need to be provided for specific
type(s)
Example User Specializations

bool isEqual( T x, T y ) {
return ( x == y );
}

int main {
isEqual( 5, 6 ); // OK
isEqual( 7.5, 7.5 ); // OK
isEqual( abc, xyz );
// Logical Error!
return 0;
}

template< >
bool isEqual< const char* >(
const char* x, const char* y ) {
return ( strcmp( x, y ) == 0 );
}

int main {
isEqual( 5, 6 );
// Target: general template
isEqual( 7.5, 7.5 );
// Target: general template
isEqual( abc, xyz );
// Target: user specialization
return 0;
}
References



1/25/16
637
Thanks
1/25/16
638
LEC 20 TEMPLATE.CPP
// function template
#include <iostream>
template <class T>
T GetMax (T a, T b)
{
T result;
result = (a>b)? a : b;
return (result);
}
int main ()
{
int i=5, j=6, k;
float l=10.5, m=5.6, n;
k=GetMax< int >(i,j);
n=GetMax< float >(l,m);
cout << k << endl;

cout << n << endl;
return 0;
}
EXE LEC 18
` // exp09_04.cpp (pub3)
// three classes derived from publication class
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
enum disktype {CD, DVD};
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class publication
{
private:
string title;
float price;
public:
void getdata()
{
cout << "\n Enter title (one word only): ";

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Procedural vs. Object-Oriented

Customer, money, account

Withdraw, deposit, transfer

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Example Ali is a Tangible Object

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Example Car is a Tangible Object

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Example Time is an Object

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Example Date is an Object

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Real-world objects share two

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Software objects are modeled after realworld objects

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Can represent real-world objects by

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Moving to new thinking

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Moving to new thinking

In real world, we deal with objects like cars,

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Moving to new thinking

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Moving to new thinking

Effectively, you wish to know how it functions.

So neither data nor functions, by

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Object Oriented Approach

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Object Oriented Approach

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Graphical Representation of Classes

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Example Graphical Representation of

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Example Graphical Representation of