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Four Stroke, Two Stroke

Diesel, & Wankel Engine
Theory and Operation

Four Stroke, Two Stroke,

Diesel, & Wankel Theory
Presentation Outline

1.0 Four Stroke Engine Theory

Internal combustion principles

Valve operation
Four cycles
Valve timing

2.0 Two Stroke Engine Theory

Two cycle operation

Lubrication
Variations
Advantages/ limitations

more...
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3.0

Diesel Engine Theory

Operation
Variations
Advantages/limitations

4.0

Wankel Engine Theory

Operation
Variations
Advantages/limitations

1.0 Four Stroke Engine

Theory
Intake
Compression
Power
Exhaust

Intake Stroke

Compression Stroke

Valves closed

Power Stroke

Valves closed

Exhaust StrokValve Timing

Diagram

2.0 Two Stroke Engine

Theory
Up stroke
Down stroke

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2 Stroke
Up Stroke

Compression
occurs

Transfer
Port
Crank
Case

Reed Valve

Carburetor
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2 Stroke
Down Stroke

Intake
Power
Exhaust
Occurs

Transfer Port

Reed Valve

Carburetor
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Fuel Mix
Uses a premix of gas and oil
Oil injectors used in some
Normal mixes range from 16:1 to
50:1
Typical hot engines 16:1
Typical cool engine 50:1
CHECK OWNERS MANUAL !!!

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Advantage of Two Strokes

Runs in any position
More horsepower for size
Fewer moving parts
Lighter

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Limitations of Two Strokes

Uses more fuel than four strokes
Fuel and oil must be mixed
Plugs foul easily
Poor emissions

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3.0 Diesel Engine Theory

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Introduction
Invented by Rudolf Diesel between
1892 and 1893
Internal Combustion Engine
Reciprocating Engine
Intermittent Combustion Engine
Utilizes liquid fuel
Compression Ignition vs. Spark
Ignition
Heavy Duty Applications
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Diesel Compression Ratio

20:1 up to 25:1 common
Needed to ignite fuel
No spark plugs

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Compression Ratios
Squeeze on air/fuel mixture before
combustion
Efficiency increases with higher CR
About 9:1 on gas autos
17:1 to 24:1 for diesel engines
About 24:1 CR max:

too high compression for starting

limiting strength of materials
power loss- leakage around valves
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Advantages of the Diesel

Engine

High reliability
Low fuel cost
High power / lb. of engine
Low fuel consumption
Low fire hazard
High torque at low RPM
Greater heat efficiency- 30% (25% gas)
Longer service intervals
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Disadvantages of Diesel
Power
Expensive to repair
Hard starting in cold weather
Higher initial cost

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Gasoline and Diesel Engine

Comparison

Gasoline power
stroke = 460 psi;
Diesel = 1200psi
Diesel heat
efficiency about
5% higher than
gasoline

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Induction System
Air Only
Injection
Line

High Pressure
Injection Spray

Injector Delivering
Fuel

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Glow Plugs

Resistance unit to heat cold engines

Installed in cylinder head, sometimes in
special pre-combustion chamber
Some use intake heaters
In addition, block heaters for cold weather

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Typical Diesel Engine

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4.0 Wankel Engine Theory

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History of RCE
(Rotary Combustion Engines)
1924 - Wankels idea for RCE
1933 - patent was applied
1936 - patent received
1957 - engine runs

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Epitrochoidal Bore
Apex Seal
Intake
Port
Rotor

Spark
Plugs

Exhaust
Port
One of Three Chambers
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Rotor and Apex Seals

Sometimes called
a Rotary Piston
Receives power
impulse from fuel
air mixture
Rotor has three
faces
Apex seals at tipslike rings

Apex Seal Location

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Epitrochoidal Bore
E-Bore

Same purpose as
the cylinder walls
of the piston
engine
Epitrochoid curve,
generated by
rolling a circle
around another
circle

Basic shape of epitrochoid

curve
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Rotors
Eccentric
Shaft

E-Bore
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Advantages and Limitations

Fewer moving parts
Single motion allows smoother
running
Compact engine, allows for more
space
Few manufacturers produce this
engine any longer

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Summery (Cont)

What are the major differences in

parts between a 2 stroke & 4 stroke?
Ports vs. Valves
Reed valve vs. Valves

How is the fuel ignited in a deisel

engine?
Compression

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Summery (Cont)

The Rotory (Wankel) engine uses

what type of bore?
E- Bore

What act like rings in a rotory

engine?
Apex seals

Air can be __________, while water

can not?
Compressed
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The End

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