EUKARYA

ALAM PROTISTA
&
ALAM FUNGI
ERMA
PISMP

VERONIKA

SAINS
IPG

SK

HARIYONO

AMBILAN

KAMPUS

KENT

JUN

2015

EUKARYA

PROTIST
A
FUNGI
PLANTAE
ANIMALI
A

E U K A RYA

Organisma dengan sel yang

mengandungi nucleus dan
organel yang dikelilingi
membrane.
Semua organisma kompleks
adalah eukariot.

AL A M PROTISTA

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they are EU
Classifications are still difficult
due to the huge variations of
traits in Protista.

PROTISTS ARE ANY EUKARYOTE THAT IS NOT A

PLANT, ANIMAL OR FUNGUS.
MOST ARE SINGLE CELLS, OR COLONIES OF A SINGLE
CELL TYPE

PROTISTS ARE THE MOST DIVERSE OF ALL

EUKARYOTES.

MOTILITY

Most protists are motile, with either flagella or cilia. Some move by
gliding or by extensions.

Note:

NUTRITION
Protists may be autotrophic,
heterotrophic, or mixotrophic organisms.
Mixotrophic organisms combine
photosynthesis and food ingestion.
Photosynthetic: algae (plant-like)
Ingestive: protozoa (animal-like)
Absorptive: fungus-like

Eukaryotic and prokaryotic flagella are

not homologous structures.

LIFE CYCLE
A few protists are entirely asexual.
Most reproduce sexually by meiosis
and then go on to reproduce
asexually.
Whether haploid or diploid dominates
varies.

That was what I really

look like in real life!

Cysts form at some point during the

life cycle of many protists. Cysts are
resistant cells that are capable of
surviving harsh conditions.
There can be alternation of
generations in many taxa.

HABITAT

Most protists are aquatic (but some in soil).

Plankton are organisms that drift or swim near the surface of the
water. Phytoplankton are responsible for half of the worlds
photosynthesis and O2 production.

The Life Cycle Of

Chlamydomonas

Origin and early diversification of eukaryotes

Endomembranes contributed to larger, more
complex cells
Endomembranes evolved from in-foldings of
prokaryotic membranes.
Endomembranes allowed for
compartmentalization of cellular functions. This
contributed to the evolution of increasing
complexity and development of new functions.

Mitochondria and chloroplasts (and maybe other

organelles) evolved from endosymbiotic bacteria.
Heterotrophic prokaryotes were engulfed and function as
mitochondria.
Photosynthetic prokaryotes were engulfed and function as
chloroplasts.
Eukaryotic cell is a chimera of prokaryotic ancestors
[The term chimera refers to the mixture of three
prokaryotes].
a. Original contributes genome
b. One becomes mitochondrion
c. One becomes chloroplast

 Photosynthetic protists have evolved in several clades that

also have heterotrophic members.

Different episodes
of secondary
endosymbiosis
account for the
diversity of
protists with
plastids.

Fig.28.25
Copyright2002PearsonEducation,Inc.,publishingasBenjaminCummings

A wave of
diversity followed
the origin of
eukaryotes.

Protistan Diversity:
Diplomonadida And Parabasala
-Lack mitochondria (probably lost them, rather than never
acquired them)
Giardia lamblia- example of Diplomonad
Trichomonas vaginalis- example of Parabasalid

GIARDIA LAMBLIA

-Humans ingest cysts by

drinking feces-contaminated
water.
-Parasite absorbs body fluids
from host.

Click icon to add picture

TRICHOMONAS
VAG I N A L I S

Parasite of the vagina

Euglenozoa

Characterized by one or two flagella and paramylon which is a glucose polymer.

Example: Euglena.
Most members of this group are photosynthetic (autotrophs).
Kinetoplastids (e.g., Trypanosoma) cause sleeping sickness.

Alveolavata

Characterized by small cavities under the cell

surface (alveola).
3 sub-groups: dinoflagellates, apicomplexans,
ciliates

D I N O F L A G E L L ATE

Red Tide: A bloom of dinoflagellates

Dinoflagellate (phytoplankton)
blooms cause red tide and
produce toxins.

Click icon to add picture

APICOMPLEXA

Apicomplexa are animal

parasites with complex life
cycles involving more than
one host.
e.g., Plasmodium causes
malaria

CILIOPHORA

Ciliophora use cilia for

movement.
e.g., Stentor and
paramecium.
These ciliates have one
macronucleus and several
micronuclei.

Stramenopila
Diverse group of heterotrophs and phototrophs (algae)
- Usually have hairy flagella
Four major taxa are within the stramenopila:
Oomycota (water molds, but not fungi)
Diatoms
Golden algae
Brown algae
Diatoms, Golden algae, & Brown algae also known as Heterokont algae.
They are photosynthetic and contain endosymbiotic plastids (chloroplasts).

WATER MOLD: OOGONIUM

DIATOM

A
GOLDEN
ALGAL
SPECIES.

BROWN ALGAE

Rhodophyta (red
algae)
-No flagella
-Red non-chlorophyll pigments similar to those in
cyanobacteria.
Absorption spectra for
different algal pigments

Chlorophyta (green
algae)
Characterized by green chloroplasts, similar to those
found in plants.
Exist as unicellular (Chlamydomonas), colonial (Volvox),
or multi-cellular (Caulerpa) organisms.

clamydomo
nas

These are the forerunners of early plants. Multi-cellular

chlorophyta (Chara-like species) evolved to become the
higher plants.

Caulerpa
Volvox

CHARA- VERY
CLOSELY
RELATED TO
FIRST LAND
PLANTS

MYCETOZOA

Some protists use pseudopodia for movement and feeding.

The examples that follow are of uncertain phylogeny.
Pseudopodia are cellular extensions that may bulge from almost anywhere on
the cell.
Typically heterotrophs.
Best known examples are amoebas.
3 main types: Rhizopoda (amoeboids), Actinopoda (ray foots, e.g.,
Heliozoans), Foraminifera.

Rhizopoda
(amoeboids)

Actinopoda

Foraminifera

AL A M FUNGI

Finding the Fungus Among Us

CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNGI
Eukaryotic
Most are Multicellular
Filamentous body plan
Heterotrophic by Absorption
Produce spores by sexual and asexual reproduction
Haploid for part or most of life cycle
Cell wall made of chitin
No movement: change location by growth of body or
dispersion of spores

THE FILAMENTOUS BODY OF A FUNGUS

(a) Mycelium

(c) Hyphal Cells (cutaway)

Cytoplasm

(b) Individual Hyphae

Haploid
Nuclei

Septum
Pore

Cell Walls

BODY PLAN OF FUNGI

Mycelium = network of filaments
Hypha = individual filament
(plural = hyphae)
Septum = partition dividing cells, has pore for
distribution of nutrients
Reproductive structure extends from main
body, produces spores

FUNGAL NUTRITION
Heterotropic by absorption
secrete digestive enzymes
digest macromolecules outside the body
absorb digested nutrients

Three nutritional modes

Saprophytic = digestion of dead organisms
Parasitic = digestion of live organisms,
causing disease
Mutualistic = beneficial relationship for two
independent organisms

SAPROPHYTES

PARASITES

LICHEN: MUTUALISM BETWEEN ALGA AND FUNGUS

Algal Layer
Fungal Hyphae
Attachment
Structure

MYCORRHIZAE: MUTUALISM BETWEEN

FUNGUS AND PLANT ROOTS

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Hypha from mycelia of

opposite mating types
fuse

Fusion of two haploid

nuclei forms diploid
zygote

Zygote produces haploid

spores by meiosis

Each spore germinates

to produce a haploid

Click icon to add picture

CHYTHRI
D FUNGI

Forming
Male
Gametes
Forming
Female
Gametes

Flagellated,
swimming
spores require
water for
dispersal
Ancestral group,
gave rise to
modern fungi

Click icon to add picture

ZYGOTE
FUNGI

Live in soil and on decaying

plant matter
Zygosporangia =
reproductive structures
producing
haploid spores

Click icon to add picture

SAC
FUNGI

Ascus = sac that surrounds haploid

ascospores

CLUB
FUNGI

Basidium = club-shaped
reproductive structure that
produces basidiospores

Click icon to add picture

IMPERFEC
T FUNGI

Sexual reproduction has not

been observed