Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Introduction to
Human Anatomy and
Physiology
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Introduction:
A.
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
D.
Fig01.03
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Atom
Organ system
Molecule
Macromolecule
Organ
Organelle
Organism
Cell
Tissue
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Levels of Organization:
A.
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
5.
6.
7.
8.
organ
9.
make
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Characteristics of Life
A. Fundamental characteristics of life are traits shared
by all organisms.
1. Movement (internal or gross)
2. Responsiveness (reaction to internal or
external change)
3. Growth (increase in size without change in
shape)
4. Reproduction (new organisms or new cells)
5. Respiration (use of oxygen; removal of CO 2)
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
6.
simpler
7.
fluids)
8.
fluids)
9.
10.
10
characteristics
9
10
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Maintenance of Life
A.
Requirements of Organisms:
1.Life depends on the availability of the following:
a.Water
b.Food
c. Oxygen
d.Heat (temperature: measure of the
degree
of heat)
e.Pressure (both atmospheric & hydrostatic)
2.Both the quality and quantity of these
factors
are important.
11
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
B.
Homeostasis
1.
Maintenance of a stable internal environment is
called homeostasis.
2.
Homeostasis is regulated through control
systems which have receptors, a set point and
effectors in common.
Examples include:
a.
Homeostatic mechanisms regulate
body
temperature in a manner
similar to the
functioning of a home
heating
thermostat.
b.
Another homeostatic mechanism
employs pressure-sensitive receptors to
regulate blood pressure.
12
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
3.
13
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
14
Upper and
Lower Limbs
A-15
Fig01.08
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cranial cavity
Vertebral canal
Thoracic cavity
Diaphragm
Abdoaminal
cavity
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Pelvic cavity
(a)
Cranial cavity
Vertebral canal
Thoracic
cavity
Right pleural
cavity
Pericardial
cavity
Mediastinum
Left pleural cavity
Thoracic cavity
Diaphragm
Abdominal
cavity
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Pelvic cavity
(b)
16
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
17
Axial Portion
Cranial Cavity
Vertebra
l Canal
Thoracic Cavity
Mediastinum
Abdominal Cavity
Pelvic Cavity
Fig01.09
Copyright
Cranial cavity
Frontal sinuses
Orbital cavities
Nasal cavity
Sphenoidal sinus
Oral cavity
20
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
C.
Pleural Membranes
Visceral pleura
Parietal pleura
Pleural cavity
Pericardial Membranes
Visceral
pericardium
Parietal
pericardium
Pericardial cavity
Peritoneum
Lesser
omentum
Visceral
peritoneum
Mesentery
of small intestine
Parietal
peritoneum
Peritoneal
Membranes
Peritoneal
cavity
Greater
omentum
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
D.
Organ Systems
1.
Body Covering
a.
The integumentary system,
including
skin, hair, nails, and
various glands,
covers the
body. It protects
underlying tissues, helps
regulate body temperature, senses
changes, and synthesizes certain
products.
25
Integumentary System
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
27
Skeletal System
Muscular System
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
3.
30
Nervous System
Endocrine System
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
4. Transport
a. The cardiovascular system, made up
of
the heart and blood vessels,
distributes
oxygen and nutrients
throughout the body
while removing
wastes from the cells.
b. The lymphatic system, consisting of
lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, and
spleen, drains excess
tissue fluid and
includes cells of
immunity.
33
Cardiovascular System
Lymphatic System
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
36
Digestive System
Respiratory System
Urinary System
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
6. Reproduction
a. The reproductive system produces new
organisms.
i. The male reproductive system
consists of the
testes, accessory
organs, and vessels that
conduct sperm to the penis.
ii. The female reproductive system
consists of ovaries, uterine tubes,
uterus,
vagina, and external
genitalia. The female reproductive
system also
houses the developing
offspring.
40
Reproductive System
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Anatomical Terminology
A.
Superior
Inferior
Anterior
Posterior
Medial
Lateral
Proximal
Distal
Deep
Superficial
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
C. Body Sections:
1. A sagittal section divides the body into
right and left portions. If it passes along
the
midline and divides the body into
equal
parts it is a median. A section
lateral to the
midline is parasagittal.
2. A transverse (horizontal) section divides the
body into superior and inferior
portions.
3. A frontal (coronal) section divides the
body into anterior and posterior sections.
48
Body Sections
Sagittal Plane
Midsagittal Plane
Transverse (Horizontal)
Plane
Oblique Plane
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig01.16
D.Body Regions
1. The abdominal area can be divided into nine
regions (epigastric, left and right hypochondriac,
umbilical, left and right
lumbar, hypogastric,
and left and right
iliac)
Right
hypochondriac
region
(a)
Epigastric
region
Left
hypochondriac
region
Right
lumbar
region
Umbilical
region
Left
lumbar
region
Right
iliac
region
Hypogastric
region
Left
iliac
region
(b)
Right upper
quadrant (RUQ)
Left upper
quadrant (LUQ)
Right lower
quadrant (RLQ)
Left lower
quadrant (LLQ)
55
Rt. Hypochondriac
Body
Regio
ns
Rt.
Lumbar
Rt. Iliac
Epigastric
Lt. Hypochondriac
Lt.Lumbar
Umbilical
Pelvic
Lt. Iliac
Epigastric
Lt. Hypochondriac
Rt. Lumbar
Umbilical
Lt. Lumbar
Rt. Iliac
Pelvi
c
Lt. Iliac
Abdominal Quadrants
Upper
Right
Lower
Right
Upper
Left
Lower
Left
Abdominal Quadrants
Upper
Right
Lower Right
Upper Left
Lower Left