Chapter

45

Hormones and the

Endocrine System
Biology

Eighth Edition
Neil Campbell & Jane Reece

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Overview: The Bodys Long-Distance Regulators

An animal hormone
Is a chemical signal that is secreted into the circulatory
system and communicates regulatory messages within
the body

Hormones may reach all parts of the body

But only certain types of cells, target cells, are equipped
to respond

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Endocrine vs. Exocrine Glands

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Secreted chemical
signals include:
Hormones
Local regulators
Neurotransmitters
Neurohormones
Pheromones

Blood
vessel

Response

(a) Endocrine signaling

Response
(b) Paracrine signaling

Response
(c) Autocrine signaling

Synapse

Neuron

Response
(d) Synaptic signaling

Neurosecretory
cell
Blood
vessel
(e) Neuroendocrine signaling

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Response

Classification of Hormones
Three major classes of molecules function as
hormones in vertebrates
Proteins and peptides
Amines derived from amino acids
Steroids

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The major human endocrine glands

Hypothalamus
Pineal gland
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands

Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Ovary
(female)
Testis
(male)

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Major human endocrine glands and some of their hormones

Table 45.1

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Major human endocrine glands and some of their hormones

Table 45.1
(cont.)

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Relation Between the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

Some hypothalamic cells produce direct-acting

hormones that are stored in and released from the
posterior pituitary, or neurohypophysis

Hypothalamus

Neurosecretory
cells of the
hypothalamus

Axon

Posterior
pituitary

HORMONE

Figure 45.7

TARGET

Anterior
pituitary

ADH
Kidney tubules

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Oxytocin
Mammary glands,
uterine muscles

Relation Between the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

Other hypothalamic cells produce tropic hormones

That are secreted into the blood and transported to
the anterior pituitary or adenohypophysis
Tropic Effects Only
FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone
LH, luteinizing hormone
TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone
ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone

Neurosecretory cells
of the hypothalamus

Nontropic Effects Only

Prolactin
MSH, melanocyte-stimulating hormone
Endorphin

Portal vessels

Nontropic and Tropic Effects

Growth hormone
Hypothalamic
releasing
hormones
(red dots)

HORMONE

TARGET

Figure 45.8

FSH and LH

Testes or
ovaries

Pituitary hormones
(blue dots)

ACTH

Prolactin

MSH

Endorphin

Adrenal
cortex

Mammary
glands

Melanocytes

Pain receptors
in the brain

TSH

Thyroid

Endocrine cells of the

anterior pituitary

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Growth hormone

Liver

Bones

Posterior Pituitary Hormones

The two hormones released from the posterior
pituitary
Act directly on non-endocrine tissues

Oxytocin
Induces uterine contractions and milk ejection

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Enhances water reabsorption in the kidneys

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Anterior Pituitary Hormones

The anterior pituitary or adenohypophysis
Produces both tropic and nontropic hormones

The four strictly tropic hormones are

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

(See Table 45.1 in your chapter for the targets

and actions of these and other hormones)
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Nontropic Hormones
The nontropic hormones produced by the
anterior pituitary include
Prolactin stimulates lactation in mammals
But has diverse effects in different
vertebrates (e.g., delays amphibian
metamorphosis)
MSH influences skin pigmentation in some
vertebrates
And fat metabolism in mammals
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Growth Hormone
Growth hormone (GH) or Somatotropin
Promotes growth directly and has diverse
metabolic effects
Stimulates the production of growth factors by
other tissues
An excess of GH can cause gigantism, while a
lack of GH can cause dwarfism

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Pituitary Giantism
with Acromegaly

Pituitary dwarfism

Robert Wadlow, the tallest man

who ever lived at 8, 11 and
490 lbs. (died at age 22)

Thyroid Hormones
The thyroid gland
Consists of two lobes located on the ventral
surface of the trachea
Produces two iodine-containing hormones,
triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Thyroid Hormones
Hyperthyroidism, excessive secretion of thyroid hormones
Can cause Graves disease in humans

Figure 45.10

Hypothroidism can result from Hashimotos

disease, an autoimmune disorder:
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/hashimotos-disease
/DS00567
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Goiter (too
little iodine
in diet)

Parathyroid Hormone and Calcitonin:

Control of Blood Calcium
The thyroid gland also produces calcitonin
Which functions in calcium homeostasis

Two antagonistic hormones, parathyroid

hormone (PTH) and calcitonin
Play the major role in calcium (Ca 2+)
homeostasis in mammals

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 45-20-2

Active
vitamin D

Stimulates Ca2+
uptake in kidneys

Increases
Ca2+ uptake
in intestines

PTH

Stimulates
Ca2+ release
from bones

Parathyroid gland
(behind thyroid)

STIMULUS:
Falling blood
Ca2+ level

Blood Ca2+
level rises.

Homeostasis:
Blood Ca2+ level
(about 10 mg/100 mL)
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Insulin and Glucagon: Control of Blood Glucose

Two types of cells in the pancreas
Secrete insulin and glucagon, antagonistic
hormones that help maintain glucose
homeostasis and are found in clusters in the
islets of Langerhans

Glucagon

Is produced by alpha cells

Insulin
Is produced by beta cells
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 45-12:
Maintenance of
glucose
homeostasis
by insulin and
glucagon

Body cells
take up more
glucose.

Insulin
Beta cells of
pancreas
release insulin
into the blood.
Liver takes
up glucose
and stores it
as glycogen.
STIMULUS:
Blood glucose level
rises.

Blood glucose
level declines.

Homeostasis:
Blood glucose level
(about 90 mg/100 mL)

STIMULUS:
Blood glucose level
falls.

Blood glucose
level rises.

Alpha cells of pancreas

release glucagon.
Liver breaks
down glycogen
and releases
glucose.

Glucagon

Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes mellitus, perhaps the best-known
endocrine disorder
Is caused by a deficiency of insulin or a
decreased response to insulin in target tissues
Is marked by elevated blood glucose levels

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Types of Diabetes
Type I diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent
diabetes)
Is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune
system destroys the beta cells of the pancreas

Type II diabetes mellitus (non-insulin-dependent

diabetes)
Is characterized either by a deficiency of insulin or,
more commonly, by reduced responsiveness of
target cells due to some change in insulin
receptors

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Diabetes and Hypoglycemia

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Adrenal Hormones: Response to Stress

The adrenal glands
Are adjacent to the kidneys
Are actually made up of two glands: the inner
adrenal medulla and the outer adrenal cortex

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Adrenal Medulla

The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and
norepinephrine
Hormones which are members of a class of
compounds called catecholamines

These hormones
Are secreted in response to stress-activated
impulses from the nervous system
Mediate various fight-or-flight responses

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Stress Hormones from the Adrenal Cortex

Hormones from the adrenal cortex
Also function in the bodys response to stress
and fall into two classes of steroid hormones

Glucocorticoids, such as cortisol influence

glucose metabolism and the immune system
Mineralocorticoids, such as aldosterone affect
salt and water balance

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Gonadal Sex Hormones

The gonadstestes and ovaries
Produce most of the bodys sex hormones:
androgens, estrogens, and progestins

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Gonadal Sex Hormones

The testes primarily synthesize androgens, the
main one being testosterone
Which stimulate the development and
maintenance of the male reproductive system
Testosterone causes an increase in muscle and
bone mass

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Gonadal Sex Hormones

Estrogens, the most important of which is
estradiol
Are responsible for the maintenance of the
female reproductive system and the
development of female secondary sex
characteristics

In mammals, progestins, which include

progesterone
Are primarily involved in preparing and
maintaining the uterus
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings