Biostatist

ics
Chapter 1:
Introducti
on
To
Biostatisti
cs

Biostatist
ics

Statistics
Statistics is a branch of applied
mathematics that deals with the
collection, organization,
presentation, analysis and
interpretation of data.

Statistics
Statisticians develop and
apply appropriate methods in
collecting and analyzing data.
They guide the design of a
research study and then,
analyze the results. The
interpretation of the results
will be the basis in making
inferences about the
population being considered.

Statistics
Research uses statistics in
making conclusions in order to
solve the stated problem.
* LEGEND: All green arrows are
accomplished by using
Biostatistics.

Continuatio
n

Analyzing
Data

Formulatin
g
Conclusion

Finalizing
Conclusion

Descriptive Statistics

Descriptive Statistics deals

with the collection and
presentation of data and the
summarizing values that
describe the groups
characteristics.
The most common
summarizing values are the
measures of central tendency
and variation.

Inferential Statistics

Inferential Statistics deals

with predictions and
inferences based on the
analysis and interpretation of
the results of the information
gathered by the statistician.
Some of the common
statistical tools of inferential
statistics are the t-test, ztest, analysis of variance, chi-

Variable
A Variable is a numerical
characteristic or attribute
associated with the population
being studied.

Variable
A.Categorical/Qualitative
Variables
-are classified according to
attributes.

Examples:
Gender, eye color, political reference,
religion, blood type, civil status, year
level, course, profession and
socioeconomic status.

Variable
B. Numerical/Quantitative
Variables
-are classified according to numerical
characteristics.
-can be treated as categorical
variables when they are grouped into
class intervals.

Examples:
Age, height and grade.

Numerical Variable

b.1. Discrete Variables

-are variables whose values are
obtained by counting.

Examples:
Number of children, number of
persons with blue eyes.

Numerical Variable

b.2. Continuous Variables

-are variables whose values are
obtained by measuring.

Examples:
Temperature, distance, age, height
and weight.

Scales of Measurement

Scales of Measurement
-are usually obtained by any method
when gathering data.

Examples:
Temperature(Celcius),
distance(meters),
age(years),
height(inches) and weight(pounds).

Scales of Measurement

Four Scales of
Measurement
A. Nominal Scale
B. Ordinal Scale
C. Interval Scale
D. Ratio

Scales of Measurement

Nominal Scale
-A measurement that classifies
elements into two or more categories.
The numbers indicate that the
elements are different but difference is
not according to order.

Examples:
Religion Female
Christian 34

Male Total
43
77

Scales of Measurement

Ordinal Scale
-A measurement that ranks
individuals in terms of degree to which
they possess the characteristic.

Examples:
Legend: Anxiety Level
Sex
0 1
2
3
Male
9 16
2
1
Female 21
10
4

Scales of Measurement

Interval Scale
-A measurement that in addition to
ordering score from highest to lowest
establishes a uniform unit in scale so
that the distance between 2
consecutive scores of equal magnitude.
There is no absolute zero in this scale.

Example:
Whole numbers interval of 2 to
10.
The answer is 8.

Scales of Measurement

Ratio
-In addition to being an interval scale
also has an absolute zero.

Example:
Height, weight, volume, speed, area
and etc.

Population

Population
-Define as a group of people,
animals, places, things or ideas.

Example:
Population in the Philippines.

Population

Sample
-Is a sub-group of population.

Example:
Population in the Philippines within
the confinement of NCR.

Population

Parameter
-Numerical measure that describes a
characteristic of a population.

Example:
Electricity bills of the residence of
Makati City is 1,300 php. per month.

Population

Statistics
-Numerical measure that describes a
characteristic of a sample.

Example:
The sample mean of IQ of 35
students in a certain university is
105.

Biostatist
ics

FIN