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Physics 201 : Lecture 25

01/14/16

Fluid Dynamics
Continuity Equation
Bernoulli Equation
Poissieules Equation

Physics 201, UW-Madison

Types of Fluid Flow

Laminar flow
Steady flow
Each particle of the fluid follows a smooth path
The paths of the different particles never cross each other
The path taken by the particles is called a streamline
Turbulent flow
An irregular flow characterized by small whirlpool like regions
Turbulent flow occurs when the particles go above some critical
speed

01/14/16

Physics 201, UW-Madison

Viscosity

Characterizes the degree of internal friction in the fluid


This internal friction, viscous force, is associated with the resistance
that two adjacent layers of fluid have to moving relative to each other
It causes part of the kinetic energy of a fluid to be converted to internal
energy

01/14/16

Physics 201, UW-Madison

Ideal Fluid Flow

There are four simplifying assumptions made to the complex flow of


fluids to make the analysis easier
1. The fluid is nonviscous internal friction is neglected
2. The flow is steady the velocity of each point remains constant
3. The fluid is incompressible the density remains constant
4. The flow is irrotational the fluid has no angular momentum
about any point

01/14/16

Physics 201, UW-Madison

Streamlines

The path the particle takes in


steady flow is a streamline
The velocity of the particle is
tangent to the streamline
A set of streamlines is called a
tube of flow

01/14/16

Physics 201, UW-Madison

Fluid Flow

Fluid flow without friction


Volume flow rate: V/t = A d/t = Av (m3/s)
Continuity: A1 v1 = A2 v2
i.e., flow rate the same everywhere
e.g., flow of river
01/14/16

Physics 201, UW-Madison

Bernoullis Equation

As a fluid moves through a region


where its speed and/or elevation
above the Earths surface changes,
the pressure in the fluid varies with
these changes
The relationship between fluid
speed, pressure and elevation was
first derived by Daniel Bernoulli
Consider the two shaded segments
The volumes of both segments are
equal
The net work done on the segment
is W =(P1 P2) V
Part of the work goes into changing
the kinetic energy and some to
changing the gravitational potential
energy

01/14/16

Physics 201, UW-Madison

Bernoullis Equation

The change in kinetic energy:


K = 1/2 mv22 - 1/2 mv12
There is no change in the kinetic energy of the unshaded portion
since we are assuming streamline flow
The masses are the same since the volumes are the same
The change in gravitational potential energy:
U = mgy2 mgy1

The work also equals the change in energy


Combining:
W = (P1 P2)V =1/2 mv22 - 1/2 mv12 + mgy2 mgy1

Rearranging and expressing in terms of density:

P1 + 1/2 v12 + mgy1 = P2 + 1/2 v22 + mgy2

01/14/16

Physics 201, UW-Madison

Bernoullis Equation

Pressure drops in a rapidly moving fluid


whether or not the fluid is confined to a tube
For incompressible, frictionless fluid:

1 2
P v gh constant
2
1 2 1 2 1 KE
v mv

2
2
V
V
mgh PE
gh

V
V
Bernoulliequationstatesconservationofenergy
ForStaticFluids:P1 gh1 P2 gh2
1 2
1 2
Bernoulli'sPrinciple(constantdepth):P1 v1 P2 v2
2
2

01/14/16

Physics 201, UW-Madison

Problem
A large bucket full of water has two equal diameter drains. The water level
in the bucket is kept constant by constantly refilling it. One is a hole in the
side of the bucket at the bottom, and the other is a pipe coming out of the
bucket near the top, which is bent downward such that the bottom of this
pipe even with the other hole, like in the picture below:
Though which drain is the water spraying out with the highest speed?
1. The hole
2. The pipe
3. Same

Since the pressures at the two drains are the same and the liquid
leaves the pipe at the same height, their speeds are the same.
01/14/16

Physics 201, UW-Madison

10

Applications of Bernoullis Principle

01/14/16

Wings and sails


Higher velocity on one side of sail versus the other results
in a pressure difference that can even allow the boat to sail
into the wind
Entrainment
Reduced pressure in high velocity fluid pulls in particles
from static or lower velocity fluid
Bunsen burner, Aspirator,
Velocity measurement

Physics 201, UW-Madison

11

Problem
(a) Calculate the approximate force on a square meter of sail, given the
horizontal velocity of the wind is 6 m/s parallel to its front surface and
3.5 m/s along its back surface. Take the density of air to be 1.29 kg/m3.
(b) Discuss whether this force is great enough to be effective for
propelling a sail boat.

1
Force,F (P1 P2 )A (v22 v12 )A 15.3N
2
Theforceissmall.However,whenthesailsarelarge,
theforcecanbehighenoughtopropelasailboat.
Forlargerboats,onecanaddmorethanonesailto
increasethesurfacearea.
Onecanevensailintothewind,where(P1 P2 )issmall.
01/14/16

Physics 201, UW-Madison

12

Applications of Fluid Dynamics

Streamline flow around a


moving airplane wing
Lift is the upward force on
the wing from the air
Drag is the resistance
The lift depends on the
speed of the airplane, the
area of the wing, its
curvature, and the angle
between the wing and the
horizontal

01/14/16

Physics 201, UW-Madison

13

Lift General

01/14/16

In general, an object moving through a fluid experiences


lift as a result of any effect that causes the fluid to
change its direction as it flows past the object
Some factors that influence lift are:
The shape of the object
The objects orientation with respect to the fluid flow
Any spinning of the object
The texture of the objects surface

Physics 201, UW-Madison

14

Golf Ball
The

ball is given a
rapid backspin
The dimples
increase friction
Increases lift
It travels farther than
if it was not spinning

01/14/16

Physics 201, UW-Madison

15

Atomizer

A stream of air passes


over one end of an open
tube
The other end is immersed
in a liquid
The moving air reduces
the pressure above the
tube
The fluid rises into the air
stream
The liquid is dispersed into
a fine spray of droplets

01/14/16

Physics 201, UW-Madison

16

Velocity Measurement: Pitot tube

Deadspot,v1 0
1 2
P1 P2 v2 ,but,P1 P2 h
2
1 2
h v2 , orwindvelocity,v2 h
2
01/14/16

Physics 201, UW-Madison

17

Torricellis Theorem
P1, v1, h1
h
P2=P1 , v2 , h2

Bernoulli'sequationatconstantpressure(P1 P2 )
1 2
1 2
P1 v1 gh1 P2 v2 gh2
2
2
1 2
1 2
v1 gh1 v2 gh2
2
2
v22 v12 2g(h1 h2 )
h h1 h2
Sameaskinematicsequationforanyobjectfalling
withnegligiblefriction.
01/14/16

Physics 201, UW-Madison

18

Viscosity
Friction in fluids
L
F

V0
V=0

F
A
v
L

01/14/16

shearing stress
strain

Newtons law
Laminar flow -- no turbulence

dv
Pressure,
dz
isthecoefficientofviscosity
'A'isthemovingsurface
Physics 201, UW-Madison

19

Real fluid flow


r
R

L
At constant velocity net force is zero.
F P1 P2 r 2 and

01/14/16

theareaonwhichtheforceisactingisA 2 rL
Pr
FA
2L
P1 P2 r

ordv
dr
2L
v r
Physics 201, UW-Madison

20

More Viscosity

foragivensituationP1 , P2 , , andLareconstant
P
letb
anddv brdrandintegrating
2 L
br 2
v
C
2
v 0attheboundaryr Rand,substituting,
P1 P2 2

2
v
R r
4 L

01/14/16

Physics 201, UW-Madison

21

Flow and Viscosity

V vt 2 rrandagainletB tb
and,thendV BR rdr Br dr
2

V BR 2 rdr B

4
4
4
R
R
R
r 3 dr B
B
B
2
4
4

Finally,

4
V P1 P2 R

t
8 L

01/14/16

Physics 201, UW-Madison

Poiseuilles Eqn.
no turbulence
no sized particles
constant
22

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