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Fluid Dynamics
Continuity Equation
Bernoulli Equation
Poissieules Equation
Laminar flow
Steady flow
Each particle of the fluid follows a smooth path
The paths of the different particles never cross each other
The path taken by the particles is called a streamline
Turbulent flow
An irregular flow characterized by small whirlpool like regions
Turbulent flow occurs when the particles go above some critical
speed
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Viscosity
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Streamlines
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Fluid Flow
Bernoullis Equation
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Bernoullis Equation
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Bernoullis Equation
1 2
P v gh constant
2
1 2 1 2 1 KE
v mv
2
2
V
V
mgh PE
gh
V
V
Bernoulliequationstatesconservationofenergy
ForStaticFluids:P1 gh1 P2 gh2
1 2
1 2
Bernoulli'sPrinciple(constantdepth):P1 v1 P2 v2
2
2
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Problem
A large bucket full of water has two equal diameter drains. The water level
in the bucket is kept constant by constantly refilling it. One is a hole in the
side of the bucket at the bottom, and the other is a pipe coming out of the
bucket near the top, which is bent downward such that the bottom of this
pipe even with the other hole, like in the picture below:
Though which drain is the water spraying out with the highest speed?
1. The hole
2. The pipe
3. Same
Since the pressures at the two drains are the same and the liquid
leaves the pipe at the same height, their speeds are the same.
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Problem
(a) Calculate the approximate force on a square meter of sail, given the
horizontal velocity of the wind is 6 m/s parallel to its front surface and
3.5 m/s along its back surface. Take the density of air to be 1.29 kg/m3.
(b) Discuss whether this force is great enough to be effective for
propelling a sail boat.
1
Force,F (P1 P2 )A (v22 v12 )A 15.3N
2
Theforceissmall.However,whenthesailsarelarge,
theforcecanbehighenoughtopropelasailboat.
Forlargerboats,onecanaddmorethanonesailto
increasethesurfacearea.
Onecanevensailintothewind,where(P1 P2 )issmall.
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Lift General
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Golf Ball
The
ball is given a
rapid backspin
The dimples
increase friction
Increases lift
It travels farther than
if it was not spinning
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Atomizer
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Deadspot,v1 0
1 2
P1 P2 v2 ,but,P1 P2 h
2
1 2
h v2 , orwindvelocity,v2 h
2
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Torricellis Theorem
P1, v1, h1
h
P2=P1 , v2 , h2
Bernoulli'sequationatconstantpressure(P1 P2 )
1 2
1 2
P1 v1 gh1 P2 v2 gh2
2
2
1 2
1 2
v1 gh1 v2 gh2
2
2
v22 v12 2g(h1 h2 )
h h1 h2
Sameaskinematicsequationforanyobjectfalling
withnegligiblefriction.
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Viscosity
Friction in fluids
L
F
V0
V=0
F
A
v
L
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shearing stress
strain
Newtons law
Laminar flow -- no turbulence
dv
Pressure,
dz
isthecoefficientofviscosity
'A'isthemovingsurface
Physics 201, UW-Madison
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L
At constant velocity net force is zero.
F P1 P2 r 2 and
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theareaonwhichtheforceisactingisA 2 rL
Pr
FA
2L
P1 P2 r
ordv
dr
2L
v r
Physics 201, UW-Madison
20
More Viscosity
foragivensituationP1 , P2 , , andLareconstant
P
letb
anddv brdrandintegrating
2 L
br 2
v
C
2
v 0attheboundaryr Rand,substituting,
P1 P2 2
2
v
R r
4 L
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V vt 2 rrandagainletB tb
and,thendV BR rdr Br dr
2
V BR 2 rdr B
4
4
4
R
R
R
r 3 dr B
B
B
2
4
4
Finally,
4
V P1 P2 R
t
8 L
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Poiseuilles Eqn.
no turbulence
no sized particles
constant
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