AERSP 301

Bending of open and closed section beams

Dr. Jose Palacios

Direct stress calculation due to bending

Direct stress at a point in the c/s
depends on:
Its location in the c/s
The loading
The geometry of the c/s

Assumption plane sections

remain plane after deformation (No
Warping), or cross-section does not
deform in plane (i.e. xx, yy = 0)

Sign Conventions!
Megson pp 461

M bending moment
S shear force
P axial load
T torque
W distributed load

Direct stress calculation due to bending (contd)

Beam subject to bending moments Mx and My and bends about its

neutral axis (N.A.)

N.A. stresses are zero at N.A.

C centroid of c/s (origin of axes assumed to be at C).

Neutral Surface Definition

In the process of bending there is an axial

line that do not extend or contract. The
surface described by the set of lines that
do not extend or contract is called the
neutral surface. Lines on one side of the
neutral surface extend and on the other
contract since the arc length is smaller
on one side and larger on the other side
of the neutral surface. The figure shows
the neutral surface in both the initial and
the bent configuration.

Direct stress calculation due to bending (contd)

The axial strain in a line element a distance y above the neutral surface
is given by:

l l 0
z

l0

Consider element A at a distance from the N.A.

z E z z

Direct Stress:

Because (bending radius of curvature) relates the strain to the

distance to the neutral surface:

First Moment of Inertia Definition

Given an area of any shape, and division of that area into very small,
equal-sized, elemental areas (dA)
and given an Cx-Cy axis, from where each elemental area is located (yi
and xi)
The first moment of area in the "X" and "Y" directions are respectively:

I x Ay ydA
I y Ax xdA

Direct stress calculation due to bending (contd)

IF the beam is in pure bending, axial load resultant on the c/s is zero:

dA 0 dA 0
A

1st moment of inertia of the c/s about the N.A. is zero N.A.

passes through the centroid, C

Assume the inclination of the N.A. to Cx is

Then

x sin y cos

The direct stress becomes:

E
E
z x sin y cos

Direct stress calculation due to bending (contd)

Moment Resultants:

M x z ydA
M y z xdA

Substituting for z in the above expressions for Mx and My, and using
definitions for Ixx, Iyy, Ixy

I xx y 2 dA
I yy x 2 dA
I xy xydA

E
E
M x I xy sin I xx cos

E
E
M y I yy sin I xy cos

Mx
E I xy

I yy
My

I xx sin

I xy cos

Direct stress calculation due to bending (contd)

From Matrix
Form

E sin

cos

I xy
I yy

I xx
I xy

I xy
E sin
1

2
cos
I xx I yy I xy I yy

Using the above equation in:

Gives:

Mx

M
y

I xx

I xy

Mx

My

E
z x sin y cos

M x I yy M y I xy

I xx I yy I xy2

I xx I yy I xy2

M y I xx M x I xy

Direct stress calculation due to bending (contd)

Or, rearranging terms:

M x I yy y I xy x
I xx I yy I

2
xy

M y I xx x I xy y
I xx I yy I xy2

If My= 0, Mx produces a stress that varies with both x and y. Similarly

for My, if Mx=0.

If the beam c/s has either Cx or Cy (or both) as an axis of symmetry,

then Ixy = 0.

Then:

Mx y M yx
z

I xx
I yy

Direct stress calculation due to bending (contd)

Further, if either My or Mx is zero, then:

Mxy
z
I xx

or

M yx
I yy

We saw that the N.A. passes through the centroid of the c/s. But
what about its orientation ?
At any point on the N.A. z = 0

M x I yy M y I xy

I xx I yy I

I xx I yy I

M y I xx M x I xy

2
xy

M y I xx M x I xy
y

tan
x
M x I yy M y I xy

2
xy

y0

Example Problem
40 mm

80 mm

The beam shown is subjected to a 1500

Nm bending moment in the vertical
plane.

8 mm

80 mm

Calculate the magnitude and location of

max z.

y
x
0
8 mm
1st: Calculate location of Centroid

xc
yc

x A 60 x(120 x8) 40 x(80 x8)

52 mm
120 x8 80 x8
A
y A 84 x(120 x8) 40 x(80 x8)

66.4 mm
120 x8 80 x8
A

Example Problem (contd)

Calculate Ixx, Iyy, Ixy, with respect to Cxy:

bt 3
120 83
2
I xx
A dc
120 8 (84 66.4) 2
12
12
8 803
8 80 (66.4 40) 2 1.09 106 mm 4
12
3
b 3t
120
8
2
I yy
A dc
120 8 (60 52) 2
12
12
83 80
8 80 (52 40) 2 1.31106 mm 4
12

Example Problem (contd)

I xy xydA 120 8 (60 52) (84 66.4)
A

8 80 (40 52) (40 66.4) 0.34 106 mm 4

Mx = 1500 Nm, My = 0

M x I yy y I xy x
I xx I yy I

2
xy

M y I xx x I xy y

z 1.5 y 0.39 x
[ z in N/mm 2 x, y in mm]

I xx I yy I

2
xy

y
0

By inspection, MAX at
y = -66.4 mm and x = -8 mm
(Max stress always further away
From centroid)

Deflections due to bending

From strength of materials, recall that [Megson Ch. 16.2.5]:

Distributed Load

wy

My

Mx

Beam bends about its N.A. under

moments Mx, My.

wx

Deflection normal to N.A. is Centroid

C moves from CI (initial) to CF (final).
With R as the center of curvature and
as the radius of curvature

Deflections due to bending (contd)

Further,

Because

Deflections due to bending (contd)

Inverse relation:

Clearly Mx produces curvatures (deflections) in xz and yz planes

even when My = 0 (and vice-versa)

So an unsymmetrical beam will deflect vertically and horizontally

even when loading is entirely in vertical (or horizontal) plane.

What if I have something symmetric?? Like NACA 0012 airfoil?

Deflections due to bending (contd)

If Cx or Cy (or both) are axes of symmetry then Ixy = 0. Then the

expressions simplify to:

Starting with the general expression:

and integrating twice you can calculate the disp. u in the x-direction

Deflections due to bending (contd)

Consider the case where a
downward vertical force, W, is
applied to the tip of a beam.
What is the tip deflection of the
beam?

Integrating,

Integrating again

Deflections due to bending (contd)

Using b.c.s: @ z=0 u = 0, u = 0

Gives: A = B = 0

Thus,

Tip deflection:
You should do this on your own

If the c/s has an axis of symmetry, Ixy = 0

(z = L)

Simplifications for thin-walled sections

Example:
horizontal members

vertical members

Thin-walled t << c/s dimensions.

Stresses constant through thickness
Terms in t2, t3, etc neglected

In that case Ixx reduces to:

What about Ixy for this c/s
What about Iyy for this c/s

You should do this on your own

Doubly Symmetrical Cross-Section

Beam Bending
y

p(z)

Beam has a flexural rigidity: EI

z
Bcs

EIv( L) 0
A pL

EIv( L) 0
pL2
B
2
EIv(0) 0

C0
EIv(0) 0
D0

Doubly Symmetrical Cross-Section

Beam Bending
y

Beam has a flexural rigidity: EI

z
Bcs

EIv( L) F
A F

EIv( L) 0
B FL

EIv(0) 0
C0
EIv(0) 0
D0

OPTIONAL: Macauleys Method Read Megson Chp 16.)

W

2W
C

Determine the position and magnitude

of the maximum upward and downward
deflection of the beam:

F
z

Ra

3
RA W (upward)
4

Rf

3
RF W (downward)
4

The bending moments around the left hand side at any

section Z between D and F is:

M RA z W [ z a ] W [ z 2a ] 2W [ z 3a ]

Concentrated and Partial Span Loads

Diract delta function:

Example vertical force of magnitude F0 locater at L/2
f

F ( z L / 2)

z0

Heaviside step function:

Example vertical distributed force of magnitude f0(z) over the
second part of the beam only

f y ( z ) f o ( y ) stp ( z z / L)

Concentrated and Partial Span Loads Example

Fo
y

f0

f0
z

L/3

L/3

L/3

z
L/3 M
o

L/3

L/3

L
L
2L

EI xx v ( z ) Fo z f o stp z stp z

3
3
3

''''

L 3 fo
2L
2L

EI yy u ( x) M o z
z
stp z

3
L
3
3

''''

Bcs
w(0) = w(0) = v(0) = v(0) = w(L)= w(L) = v(L) = v(L) = 0

Integrating Diract Delta and Heaviside Function

L
L
2L

EI xx v ( z ) Fo z f o stp z stp z

3
3
3

''''

L
L
L
2L
2L

EI xx v( z ) C1 Fo stp z f o z stp z z
stp z

3
3
3
3
3

2
2
L
L
fo
L
L
2L
2L

EI xx v( z ) C2 C1 z Fo z stp z z stp z z
stp z

3
3
2
3
3
3
3

C1 z 2 Fo
L
L

EI xx v( z ) C3 C2 z
z stp z
2
2
3
3

f
o
6

L
L
2L
2L

stp z

z stp z z
3
3
3
3

C2 z 2 C1 z 3 Fo
L
L

EI xx v( z ) C4 C3 z

z stp z
2
6
6
3
3

4
4
fo
L
L
2
L
2L

stp z

z stp z z
24
3
3
3
3

Integrating Diract Delta and Heaviside Function

L 3 fo
2L
2L

EI yy u ' ' ' ' ( z ) M o z

z
stp z

3
L
3
3

L 3f
2L
2L

EI yy u ( z ) C1 M o z o z
stp
z

3
2
L
3
3

fo
L
2L
2L

EI yy u ( z ) C2 C1 z M o stp z
z
stp z

3 2L
3
3

f
C1 z 2
L
L
2L
2L

EI yy u ( z ) C3 C2 z
M o z stp z o z
stp
z

2
3
3
8
L
3
3

C2 z 2 C1 z 3 M o
L
L

EI yy u ( z ) C4 C3 z

z stp z
2
6
2
3
3

f
2L
2L

o z
stp
z

40 L
3
3