Measurements in Fluid Mechanics

058:180 (ME:5180)
Time & Location: 2:30P - 3:20P MWF 3315 SC
Office Hours:

4:00P 5:00P MWF 223B-5 HL

Instructor: Lichuan Gui

lichuan-gui@uiowa.edu
Phone: 319-384-0594 (Lab), 319-400-5985 (Cell) http://
lcgui.net
www.lcgui.net
(download lectures from this website)

Lectures
- around 40 lectures in class room followed by discussions if
necessary
- lecture note available on web after each class (http://icon.uiowa.edu &
http://lcgui.net )
Homework
- homework problems assigned MWF, due FMW
- Paper version accepted in class, PDF/DOC files accepted by email
- late submission with legitimate reason, explained in
writing
Class project
- write computer program with Matlab (sample programs
provided)
- process digital particle image (PIV) recordings with algorithms

in class
rt atintroduced
the beginning
of PIV lectures (Matlab program practice & examples earlier)
- details may be discussed in the class or office hours
- presentation in class when the class lectures are
-completed
report include introduction, method description, program structure,
source code, and results.

Examinations
- two in-semester 50-minute and one final 120-minute
examinations
- closed
notes and books
- one-page formula sheet allowed.

Grading
The final course grade will be based on the total points earned during the
semester. The distribution of points is as follows:

Homework problems
Class project
Two in-semester exams
Final examination
TOTAL

25%
25%
12.5% each
25%

= 25
= 25
= 25
= 25
= 100 points

Text book
Measurement in Fluid Mechanics, Stavros Tavoularis, 2005,
Cambridge, 2005

Reference books
Particle Image Velocimetry, Raffelet. al., 2ndEdition, 2007, Springer
Particle Image Velocimetry, Adrian and Westerweel, 2011,
Cambridge
Flow Visualization, Wolfgang Merzkirch, 2nd Edition, 1987,
Academic
4

Lecture 1. Fluid properties and continuum hypothesis

easurements in Fluid Mechanics

Mechanics - the branch of physics concerned with the behavior of physical

bodies when subjected to forces or displacements, and the
subsequent effects of the bodies on their environment.
Fluid - fluids are easily deformation materials and take the shape of
any container
- fluids include liquids and gases
Liquids - relatively high density and difficult to change
volume
Gases - relatively low density and easily to change
volume
- tend to occupy the entire available volume of
their container
- fluids are composed of molecules that collide with one another and
solid objects.

ontinuum hypothesis
- the continuum assumption considers fluids to be continuous.
- fluid property values continuously distributed within volume
of
fluidvalues defined at an infinitely small fluid element i.e. a
- local
mathematical point

easurements in Fluid Mechanics

luid mechanics
- the study of fluids and the forces on them
- fluid mechanics can be divided into
fluid statics - the study of fluids at rest
fluid kinematics - the study of fluids in motion;
fluid dynamics - the study of the effect of forces on
fluid motion
experimental fluid dynamics (EFD)
computational fluid dynamics (CFD)

Measurement
- the process or the result of determining the ratio of a physical
quantity, such as
a length or a mass, to a unit of measurement, such as the meter
or the kilogram.
asurements in Fluid Mechanics
- Methods and techniques used in the process or for result
analysis of
determining force, motion and other physical quantities of
fluids

easurements in Fluid Mechanics

ernational System of Units (SI)

easurements in Fluid Mechanics

ernational System of Units (SI)

easurements in Fluid Mechanics

ernational System of Units (SI)

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easurable fluid properties

Mass- quantity of material ( m )

SI unit: kilogram (kg), gram (g)

Volume
- quantity of space ( V )
Density
- mass per unit volume ( )

Specific volume
- volume divided by mass (v)

SI unit: cubic meter (m3), liter

(=0.001
m3) 3
SI unit: kg/m
SI unit: m3/kg

Force - any influence that causes a free

body
SI unit: newton
to undergo a change in speed, a
change
Body
force
- acts throughout the volume (N)
in direction, or a change in
- e.g. gravity and electromagnetic forces
shape ( F )
Surface force
- acts across an internal or external surface
element
- decomposed in to two perpendicular
components
Normal component (F )

Tangential or shear
component
s)
- force per(Funit
areaSI()
unit: pascal (Pa=1N/m2
A

Fs

n=Fn/A
Shear stress

s=Fs/A
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easurable fluid properties

Stress tensor

Normal stresses: 11 , 22 , 33
Shear stress: 12 , 13 , 21 , 23 , 31 , (
32
12 = 21 , 13 = 31 , 23 = 32)
External forces: F1 , F2 ,, Fn

Pressure - force per unit area applied in a direction perpendicular to the

surface
- average normal stress along any three orthogonal directions
- Symbol:
SI P
unit: pascal (Pa=1N/m2), bar (=105Pa)

Viscosity- resistance to deformation because of shear SI unit: Pas=kg/(sm)

stress (, )
Surface tension
- property of the surface of a liquid that SI unit: N/m
allows
it to resist an external force.
ndex of refraction
- a measure of the speed of light in substance
12

easurable fluid properties

Temperature- quantitatively expresses the

common notions
of hot and cold ( T )
Energy- the ability a physical system has to do work
on other
physical systems ( E )

SI unit: kelvin (K)

Work - the amount of energy transferred by a

force acting
through a distance in the direction of the
force. ( W )
Heat - an energy transfer to the body in any
other way
than due to work performed on the body
(Q)
Power - the rate at which work is performed or
energy
is converted. ( P )

SI units: joule [J]

hermal conductivity
- material's ability to conduct heat ()

SI units: joule [J]

SI units: joule [J]

SI units: watt [W]

SI unit: W/(mK)
13

easurable fluid properties

Heat flux- the rate of heat energy transfer through a

given surface

SI unit: W/m2

Heat capacity
- measurable physical quantity that characterizes SI unit: J/K
the amount
of heat required to change a substance's
temperature by a
given
amount.
( C )constant
Specific heat
capacity
under
SI unit: J/(kgK)
pressure ( CP )
Specific heat capacity under constant
volume ( CV )

nternal energy
- total energy contained by a thermodynamic
system ( U )

SI unit: J/(kgK)

SI unit: J

Enthalpy- total
(H) energy of a thermodynamic systemH=U+pV

Entropy ( S )- thermodynamic property that can be used to

determine
energy available for useful work in

dS=Q/T
14

easurable fluid properties

Position
- Cartesian coordinate system (x, y, z)
P=xi+yj+zk

- Cylindrical coordinate system (, , z)

P=cosi+sinj+zk

- Spherical coordinate system (r, , )

P=rsincosi+rsinrsinj+rcosk
15

easurable fluid properties

Displacement
- shortest distance from the initial to the final position of a point
(x, y, z)
P=xi+yj+zk

Velocity- the rate and direction of

change
in the position of an
object
V=P/t=x/ti+y/tj+z/tk

Acceleration
- rate of change of velocity over time

a=V/t=[V(t+t)-V(t)]/t

16

easurable fluid properties

olume flow rate

Vn

Mass flow rate

Vorticity
- tendency for elements of the fluid to "spin."

Strain rate- rate of change in strain with respect to

time ( )

- length under applied

stress length
- original
v - speed of

17

easurable fluid properties

ngular position ( )

ngular displacement ( )

SI unit: radian

ngular velocity ( ) =d/dt

2
/dt2
ngular acceleration ( =d/dt=d
)

Momentum- product of the mass and velocity of an

SI unit: kgm/s or Ns
object (P=mv).
ngular momentum
L=rP= rmv
SI unit: Nms or kgm2s1

Torque ( ) =rF

SI unit: Nm

18

Homework
- Read textbook 1.1-1.2 on page 3-5
-Questions and Problems: 1 and 2 on page 17
Provide definitions for the following measureable flow
properties:
angular momentum, entropy, thermal
conductivity, molecular diffusivity, and surface tension.
1.

2. List the established names for the SI units of force, pressure, energy, and
power
and their relationships to primary units. Also list the conversion factors of
these units
to corresponding units in the British gravitational system.

- Due on Friday, 08/24

- Send MS Word or PDF file to lichuan-gui@uiowa.edu
19