Tsunami Risk

Mitigation
Measures in India

Earthquake,
Oct, 2005

Avalanche
Feb 2005

MAJOR DISASTERS
(1980-2005)

Earthquake
Uttarkashi,
20 Oct 1991,
Chamoli, 23
April 1999
Flood, Assam
& Bihar 2004

Bhuj,
Earthquake,
26 January,
2001

Earthquake,
Latur, 30
Sept 1993

Floods,
Mumbai,
26 July
2005
Tsunami
26 Dec
2004

Bhopal Gas
Tragedy, Dec
1982

S Cyclone
29 Oct
1999
Tsunami
26 Dec 2004

Tsunami
26 Dec
2004

India is vulnerable to a large number of

disasters
Approx. 60% of the landmass is prone to
Earthquakes

Approx.12% (About 40 million hectares of land) is

prone to flood and river erosion.
Approx. 68% of the cultivable area is
vulnerable to drought//landslides/avalanches
About 5770 km of coastline out of a total
7516 km is prone to Cyclone and Tsunami

Vulnerability is increasing
with

Rising population
Haphazard Urbanization
Developments in High-Risk zones
Environmental Degradation
Climate Change etc.

Tsunami Damage

Tsunami Damage

DISASTER MANAGEMENT CONTINUUM

Disast
er
Strike
s

Disaster Management
Cycle
Organisations Involved

Prevention

Research Institutions (Sponsored

Research)

Ministry of Earth Science (IMD, DOD, DST)

Ministry of Water Resources
Ministry of Agriculture

Mitigation
and

Central Govt. (NDMA. MHA, MUD, MoEF

other related ministries and departments)

State Govt. (Various Departments)

District/Local Administration and NGOs

Preparedness

Central Govt. (NDMA. MHA, MUD, MoEF)

State Govt.
District/Local Administration and NGOs

Disaster Management Cycle

Cont.

Organisations Involved
ResponseCentral Govt. (NDMA. MHA)

District/Local Administration and

NGOs

Relief

Central Govt. (NDMA. MHA)

Administration and NGOs

State Govt.

State Govt.

District/Local

Rehabilitation

Central Govt. (Integrated efforts of

ministries and departments)
State Govt.

various

District/Local Administration and NGOs

Reconstruction Central Govt. (Integrated efforts of

ministries and departments)
State Govt.

Long

various

District/Local Administration and NGOs

term Recovery Central, State, Local Govt. and NGOs

Disasters offer a unique

opportunity to learn where
we have gone wrong.
Preparedness and Mitigation of
Disasters is the most important
part of Disaster Management
while strengthening our response
capabilities

Disaster Mitigation
Natural Hazards cannot be prevented, however with mitigation
measures the effects/damages could be reduced

Indias three pronged approach

Mitigation measures integrated with the ongoing developmental

projects

National-level mitigation projects in high priority areas

(Initiated by NDMA with the help of all concerned ministries,
departments and states)

State-level mitigation projects

(Assistance in guidelines, plans and implementation by NDMA)

Mitigation
Measures
Integrated multi-hazard approach
(emphasis on cyclone and tsunami risk in coastal areas)

Early warning system for cyclones and tsunamis

Evacuation plans
(with emphasis on self reliance for sustenance with the coastal community)

Capacity building
Training of all concerned
Public awareness programmes
Hazard Mapping and Vulnerability Analysis
Risk Identification, zoning and mapping

Mitigation
Measures Cont.
Structural Mitigation Measures
Seawalls and Coral reefs
Tsunami breakwaters

(to provide
cushion against Tsunami and Cyclone)

Increasing the river dike height

Tsunami and Cyclone Shelters (safe places to
flee)
Evacuation routes identification

Mitigation Measures
Cont.
Structural Mitigation Measures

Permanent structures strictly according to BIS codes

Retrofitting of vulnerable structures for tsunami/cyclone

resistance

Retrofitting of important buildings

I. Fire stations / police stations/ army structures/ hospitals
II. VIP residences / offices/ railways, airport, etc.
III. Schools/colleges
IV. Hazardous industries
V. Other critical structures (i.e. power stations,
warehouses, oil and other storage tanks etc)

Mitigation
Measures
Cont.
Non-Structural Mitigation Measures
Education
Public Awareness
Information
Risk Communication
Training to all concerned
(Govt. officials, search and rescue workers,
volunteers, women, children, elderly, local community as a
whole)

Mitigation Measures

Cont.

Non-Structural Mitigation Measures

Coastal regulations Zone Act Strict implementation
(no development within 500 m of the high tide line
with elevation of less than 10 m above m.s.l)

Land use Zoning in accordance with CRZ

Natural Bioshields (Mangroves) and shelterbelt
plantations
(Casuarina)

Maintaining Natural Sand dunes

Maintaining and promoting beach development

Mitigation Measures

Cont.

Non-Structural Mitigation Measures

Risk transfer in highly vulnerable areas (Insurance)

Network of local knowledge centers along the coast
lines
( Training and Emergency communication)

Reducing Vulnerability
Diverse Livelihood options
Micro Finance
Empowerment
Gender sensitive development

ERS RADAR
IMAGE

TSUNAMI INUNDATION IN
NAGAPATTINAM COAST

RIVERS / CREEKS

AS CARRIERS OF TSUNAMI WAVES

PATHS TO BE KEPT FREE

& BANKS TO HAVE STONE
EMBANKMENTS

Radial Drains ---

PALAEO
/PRESENT
BACKWATERS &
TIDAL FLATS-----ACCOMODATORS

Aforestation ---Promotion of Bird Sanctuaries

NAGAPATTINAM

BEACH AS ABSORBERS - MARINA BEACH, CHENNAI

Reconstruction in
Andaman

Stilt Type

Non-Stilt
Type

Reconstruction in
Andaman

Source: www.and.nic.in
Online Monitoring System of Construction of Permanent shelters for
Tsunami victims

Reconstruction in
Cuddlore