Introduction

Design of Steel Structure

Mani, 2015

Mani, 2015

Mani, 2015

Mani, 2015

STEEL STRUCTURE
Different types of structures in
which steel has been used a
structural material. They include

Bridges
Towers
Multi-storey buildings
Storage tanks
Industrial buildings, etc
Mani, 2015

Mani, 2015

Mani, 2015

Mani, 2015

10

Why is steel such a good construction material?

What is its demerits?

Mani, 2015

11

STRUCTURAL STEEL PRODUCTS

They are classified into the following:
Flat hot rolled products plates,
flat bars, sheets and strips
Hot rolled sections rolled shapes,
and hollow structural sections
Bolts
Welding electrodes
Cold rolled shapes
Mani, 2015

12

STEEL SECTIONS
Steel sections are rolled in
industry in the standard shapes
called rolled sections. The
shapes of rolled sections are:
Steel I-Sections; Channel
Sections; Angle Sections; Tee
Sections; Steel Bars; Steel
Tubes; Steel Plates
Mani, 2015

13

Mani, 2015

14

Steel products and steel

tables
The structural sections produced in India include
open sections such as beams, channels, tees and
angles. Closed (hollow) sections such as rectangular
and circular tubes are available only in smaller sizes.
Solid sections like bars, flats and strips are available.
These sections are designated in a standard manner
with the letters IS indicating that they satisfy the
prescriptions of the Indian Standards Specifications
(SP 6(1)) followed by the letter indicating the
classification and type of section and a number
indicating the size of the section.
Mani, 2015

15

Contd..
Beam sections are classified as ISLB (light),
ISJB (junior), ISMB (medium), ISHB (heavy)
and ISWB (wide-flanged) sections.
Channel sections are designated as ISLC,
ISMC etc.
Angles are designated as ISA followed by the
size of each leg and the thickness. Both equal
and unequal angles are available.
Sometimes two different sections have the
same designation but their weight per unit
length is slightly different.
Mani, 2015

16

Mani, 2015

17

Mani, 2015

18

Mani, 2015

19

Structural Design
Structural design is a scientific & creative
process.
The structural design should satisfy
Safety
Stability
Serviceability
Durability
And result in
Economic (cost of construction & maintenance),
Aesthetically pleasing, and
Environment friendly structures.
Mani, 2015

20

Iterative Design Process

Mani, 2015

21

Connections
Introduction

Importance

Introduction
Connections are structural elements used for joining
different members of a structural steel frame work.
Connection elements consist of components such as
cleats, gusset plates, brackets, connecting plates
and connectors such as rivets, bolts, pins, and
welds.
Connections between different members of a steel
frame work not only facilitate the flow of forces and
moments from one member to another, but also
allow the transfer of forces up to the foundation
level.
Mani, 2015

23

Mani, 2015

24

Mani, 2015

25

Why Connection Failure Should

be Avoided?
A connection failure may be lead to a
catastrophic failure of the whole structure
Normally, a connection failure is not as
ductile as that of a steel member failure
For achieving an economical design, it is
important that connectors develop full or a
little extra strength of the members, it is
joining.
Connection failure may be avoided by
adopting a higher safety factor for the
joints than the members.
Mani, 2015

26

Classification of Connections
Method of fastening: rivets, bolts and
welding.
Connection rigidity: simple, rigid or
semi-rigid.
Joint resistance: Bearing connections
and friction connections
Fabrication location: Shop or field
connections.
Joint location: Beam-column, beam-to
beam, column to foundation
Mani, 2015

27

Classification of Connections
(cont.)
Connection geometry: Single web angle,
single plate, double web angle, top and
seat angles (with and without stiffeners),
end plates, or header plate, welded
connections using plates and angles, etc.
Type of force transferred across the
structural connection: Shear connections,
shear and moment connection or simply
moment connection, tension or
compression, tension or compression with
shear.
Mani, 2015

28

Classification Based on
Joint Rigidity
Rigid: That develop the full moment
capacity of connecting members and
retain the original angle between the
members under any joint rotation. Rotational
movement of the joint will be very small

Simple: No moment transfer is assumed

between the connected parts and hence
assumed as hinged (pinned). Rotational movement
of the joint will be large.

Semi-Rigid: May not have sufficient rigidity to hold the

original angles between the members and develop less
than the full moment capacity of the connected
members. In reality all the connections will be semi-rigid only.
Mani, 2015

29

rivets, bolts and welding.

Mani, 2015

30

igid connections

Mani, 2015

31

mple connections

Mani, 2015

32

Semi Rigid connections

Mani, 2015

33

Examples of Rigid Connections

Mani, 2015

34

Examples of Pinned Connections

Mani, 2015

35

Rivets and Riveted Connections

Riveting not used now due to:
The necessity of preheating
the rivets prior to driving
Labour costs associated with
large riveting crews.
Cost involved in careful
inspection and removal of
poorly installed rivets
High level of noise associated
with driving rivets

Mani, 2015

36

BOLTED CONNECTION

Mani, 2015

37

Types of Bolts
Unfinished bolts or black bolts or
C Grade bolts (IS: 1363-1992)bearing type connections

Turned bolts - Expensive & used in Spl. jobs

Precision (A-Grade)& Semiprecision (B-Grade) bolts (IS:
1364-1992) -They are used when no slippage
is permitted

Ribbed bolts

(Rarely used in ordinary steel

structures)

High strength bolts

Mani, 2015

(IS: 3757-1985

38

Black or Ordinary Bolt and Nut

Source:AISC
Mani, 2015

39

Hexagonal Head Black

Bolt and Nut (IS 1363)

Figures in brackets are for High-strength Bolts & Nuts

Black bolts are inserted in clearance holes of about 1mm to
2mm more than the bolt diameter and then tightened through
the nuts.
Mani, 2015

40

Tensile Properties of Fasteners

For grade 4.6 bolts, nuts of grade 4 are used and for grade 8.8, nuts of grade 8 or 10 are used.

In property class 4.6, the number 4 indicates 1/100th the

nominal ultimate tensile strength in N/mm2 and the number 6
indicates the ratio of yield stress to ultimate stress, expressed
as a percentage. Thus the ultimate tensile strength of class 4.6
bolt is 400 N/mm2 and yield strength is 0.6 times 400, which
is 240 N/mm2
Mani, 2015

41

Dimensions of Grade 4.6Hexagon Head Bolts (IS 1364)

Sizes in Brackets not preferred.

Mani, 2015

42

High-Strength Bolts (IS 3757)

Made from bars of medium carbon steel.

Bolts of property class 8.8 and 10.9 are commonly used.
Mani, 2015

43

High-Strength Bolts (cont.)

The material of the bolts do not have a
well defined yield point.
Instead of using yield stress, a so-called
proof load is used.
The proof load is the load obtained by
multiplying the tensile stress area
(approximately equal to 0.8 times the
shank area of bolt) by the proof stress.
In IS:800 the proof stress is taken as 0.7
times the ultimate tensile stress of the
bolt.
Mani, 2015

44

High-Strength Bolts (cont.)

Source:
www.nichiasteel.co.jp

They are identified

by manufacturers
identification symbol
and property class
identification symbol
8 S or 8.8 S or 10 S
or 10.9 S which will
be embossed on the
heads of these bolts.

Mani, 2015

45

High-Strength Friction Grip

(HSFG) Bolts
Special techniques are used for tightening
the nuts to induce a specified initial tension
in the bolt (called the proof-load), which
causes sufficient friction between the faying
faces.
Such bolts are called High-Strength Friction
Grip bolts (HSFG).
Due to this friction, the slip in the joint is
eliminated; joints with HSFG bolts are called
non-slip connections or friction type
connections
Mani, 2015

46

Bolt Tightening Techniques

When slip resistant connections are not
required, high strength bolts are tightened
to a snug-tight using an ordinary spud
wrench.
When slip resistant connections are desired
with HSFG bolts, three methods are used:
Turn-of-the-nut tightening (partturn method)
Cheap, more reliable, and common method.
Direct tension indicator tightening,
Calibrated wrench tightening (torque control
method).

Mani, 2015

47

Bolt tightening using impact wrench

Source:AISC

Mani, 2015

48

Turn-of-the nut Tightening

Mani, 2015

49

Behaviour of bolt-Turn-of-thenut Method

In this method the bolt deformation is

Mani, 2015
50
a critical factor

Direct Tension Indicator

Tightening

There are two types of proprietary load indication

devices.
The first type of device indicates the load by producing a
measurable change in gap between the nut and the
gripped material.

Mani, 2015

51

Direct Tension Indicator

Tightening (cont)
In the second type, the bolt is tightened by
turning a nut, which has a protruding nib; the
tightening is continued till the nib shears off.

Mani, 2015

52

Calibrated Wrench tightening

Wrenches are calibrated by
tightening, in a hydraulic tensionmeasuring device, using a minimum
of three bolts of the same diameter.
Impact wrenches are set to stall
when the prescribed bolt tension is
reached. A click sound can be heard
and felt when the set torque is
reached.
Manual torque wrenches have a
torque indicating device, using
which the torque required to
produce the initial tension is
measured.

Mani, 2015

53

Advantages of
Bolted connections
Bolted connections offer the following
advantages over riveted or welded
connections:
Use of unskilled labour and simple tools
Noiseless and quick fabrication
No special equipment/process needed for installation
Fast progress of work
Accommodates minor discrepancies in dimensions
The connection supports loads as soon as the bolts are
tightened (in welds and rivets, cooling period is
involved).

Main drawback of black bolt is the slip of

the joint when subjected to loading
Mani, 2015

54

Load-Deformation Behaviour of
Different Types of Fasteners

Mani, 2015

55

Advantages of HSFG
Bolts
HSFG bolts do not allow any slip between the
elements connected, especially in close tolerance
holes, Thus they provide rigid connections.
Because of the clamping action, load is
transmitted by friction only and the bolts are not
subjected to shear and bearing.
Due to the smaller number of bolts, the gusset
plate sizes are reduced.
Deformation is minimized.
Holes larger than usual can be provided to ease
erection and take care of lack-of-fit. However
note that the type of hole will govern the
strength of the connection.
Noiseless fabrication, since the bolts are
tightened with wrenches.
Mani, 2015

56

Advantages of HSFG Bolts

The possibility of failure at the net section under

the working loads is eliminated.
Since the loads causing fatigue will be within
proof load, the nuts are prevented from loosening
and the fatigue strength of the joint will be
greater than in welded/connections.
Since the load is transferred by friction, there is
no stress concentration in the holes.
Unlike riveted joints, few persons are required for
making the connections.
No heating is required and no danger of tossing
of bolt. Thus safety of the workers is enhanced.
Alterations, if any (e.g. replacement of defective
bolt) is done easily than in welded connections.

Mani, 2015

57

Drawbacks of HSFG Bolts

Bolting usually involves a significant
fabrication effort to produce the bolt holes and
associated plates or cleats.
Special procedures are required to ensure that
the clamping actions required for preloaded
friction-grip joints are achieved.
The connections with HSFG bolts may not be as
rigid as a welded connection.
HSFG bolts are about 50% higher than black
bolts
The percentage elongation at failure is 12%
only.
Mani, 2015

58

Bolt Holes
Bolt holes are usually drilled.
IS: 800 allows punched holes only in materials
whose yield stress (fy) does not exceed 360
MPa and where thickness does not exceed
(5600/fy) mm.
Bolt holes are made larger than the bolt
diameter to facilitate erection.
Oversize holes should not exceed 1.25d or
(d+8) mm in diameter, where d is the nominal
bolt diameter in mm.
Slotted hole [provided to accommodate
movements) should not exceed 1.33d in length
(for short slotted hole) and 2.5 d in length (for
long slotted hole).
Mani, 2015

59

Pitch, Staggered holes & Gauge

The edge
distance
should be
sufficient for
bearing
capacity and
to provide
space for bolt
head, washer
and nut.
A minimum spacing of 2.5 times the nominal diameter of
the fastener is specified in the code to ensure that there
is sufficient space to tighten the bolts, to prevent
overlapping of the washers and to provide adequate
resistance to tear-out of the bolts.
Mani, 2015

60

Bolt Dia, Pitch & Edge Distances

as per IS 800

Mani, 2015

61

Gauge Distances
for bolts as per SP-1

Mani, 2015

62

Note on IS Rolled Sections

Bolting is often poorly executed:
Shank gets bent due to tapered
flange
To avoid it use
Tapered washers
(IS 5372/IS 5374)
Mani, 2015

63

BEHAVIOUR AND DESIGN OF

BOLTED CONNECTIONS

Typical Bolted Connections

Behaviour of Bolted
Joints
As soon as the load is applied, there is a very small
friction at the interface; slip occurs and the force is
transferred from bolts to other elements through
bearing of bolts.
Once the bolts are in bearing, the connection will
behave linearly, until yielding takes place at the
following:

1. At the net section of the plate(s) under combined

tension and flexure.

2. On the bolt shear plane(s)

3. In bearing between the bolt and the side of the hole.

The response of the connection becomes non-linear

after yielding and failure takes place at one of the
critical section/locations listed above.

Behaviour of
Multi-Bolt Connection (cont.)
In multi-bolt connection, the
behaviour is similar except that
the more highly loaded bolt
starts to yield first, and the
connection will become less
stiff.
At a later stage, due to
redistribution of forces, each
bolt is loaded to its maximum
capacity.
In a long bolted connection the
bolts at the end of a joint resist
the highest amount of shear
force.

Behaviour of
HSFG Bolted Connection
In HSFG bolts, the slip will occur
when load overcomes the
frictional resistance provided by
the preload of the bolt.
After slip occurs, the behaviour
is similar to the normal bolts.
In this case also, it is commonly
assumed that equal size bolts
share the loads equally in
transferring the external force.

Force Transmission Through

Bolts

Possible Failure Modes

Possible Failure Modes

Thus any joint may fail in any one of
the following modes:
Shear failure of bolt
Shear failure of plate
Bearing failure of bolt
Bearing failure of plate
Tensile failure of bolts
Bending of bolts
Tensile failure of plate

Bearing Failure of Bolt

PhotobyP.S.Green(CopyrightAISC)

Tension Failure of Bolts

PhotobyJ.A.SwansonandR.LeonofGeorgiaInstituteof
TechnologyAISC

Bearing Failure of Plates

PhotobyJ.A.SwansonandR.LeonofGeorgiaInstituteof
TechnologyAISC

Design Strength Of Black Bolts

The nominal capacity, Vnsb, of a bolt
in shear is given in the code as
V n s b ( f u / 3 ) ( n n A n b n s A s b ) lj lg p k
where nn = number of shear planes with threads intercepting the
shear plane,
ns = number of shear planes without threads intercepting the
shear plane,
lj = reduction factor which allows for the overloading of end bolts
that occur in long connections
lg = reduction factor that allows for the effect of large grip length,
pk = reduction factor to account for packing plates in excess of
6mm.

The factored shear force Vsb should satisfy

Vsb Vnsb / mb (mb = 1.25)

Shear Planes With and Without

Threads

Threads included in the Shear

Plane

Threads Excluded from the Shear Plane

Design Strength of Black Bolts (cont.)

Asb = Nominal shank area
Anb = Net tensile stress area through the threads
Anb = pi / 4 (d - 0.9382p)2 0.78 Asb
p= pitch of thread, mm

Reduction Factor for Long Joints:

lj = 1.075 lj (200 d) with 0.75 lj 1.0

Reduction Factor for Large Grip Length:

lg = 8d / (3d + lg); lg 8d; lg

lj

Reduction Factor for Packing plate:

pk = (1-0.0125 tpk );

tpk is the thickness of the

thicker packing plate in mm

Bolts in Tension
The nominal capacity of a bolt in tension is:
Tnb = 0.90 fub Anb < fyb Asb (m1 / m0 )
where Asb = Shank area of bolt
Anb = Net Tensile Stress area of bolt
fyb = Yield stress of the bolt
m1 = 1.25; m0 = 1.10
The factored tension force Tb shall satisfy
Tb Tnb / mb ; mb = 1.25
If any of the connecting plates is flexible, then
additional prying forces must be considered.

Bolts in Bearing
The nominal bearing strength of the bolt is :

Vnpb = 2.5 kbd t fu

fu = Ultimate tensile stress of the plate in MPa
d = nominal diameter of the bolt in mm
t = summation of the thicknesses of the connected plates
experiencing bearing stress in the same direction (If the
bolts are countersunk, the thickness of the plate minus
one half of the depth of counter sinking)
kb is smaller of e/(3do), p/(3do)-0.25, fub/ fu and 1.0,

where fub is the ultimate tensile stress of the bolt, e is the

edge distance, p is the pitch of the fastener along
bearing direction, and do is the diameter of the bolt hole.
Vnpb should be multiplied by a factor 0.7 for over size or short
slotted holes and by 0.5 for long slotted holes.

Bolts in Bearing (cont.)

The factor kb takes into account
inadequate edge distance or pitch and
also prevents bearing failure of bolts.
If we adopt a minimum edge distance of
1.5 x bolt hole diameter and a minimum
pitch of 2.5 x diameter of bolt, kb may be
approximately taken as 0.50.
The bolt bearing on any plate subjected
to a factored shear force Vsb, shall satisfy
Vsb Vnpb / mb ; mb = 1.25

Capacity Of Ordinary Bolts (Grade 4.6)

Based on Net Tensile Area

Prying Forces in Beam-Column

Connection

Failure Modes Due to

Prying Forces

PhotobyJ.A.SwansonandR.
LeonofGeorgiaInstituteof
TechnologyAISC

External Force Vs Bolt Force

In a T-stub Connection

Additional Force in Bolt

due to Prying
The additional force Q in the
bolt due to prying action:

lv
f obet 4
Q [ ][Te
]
2
2le
27lelv

le 1.1t

f o
fy

= 1.5
= 2 for non-tensioned bolt and 1 for pretensioned bolt
be = Effective width of flange per pair of bolts,
mm
fo = Proof stress (kN or kN/mm2)

Bolts With Shear and Tension

A circular
interaction
curve, as
2
2

Te
per Vcode:

1.0
V
sd

T
nd

V
= Applied factored shear
Vsd = Design shear strength
Te
= Externally applied
factored tension
Tnd = Design tension strength

Tension Capacity of Plate

Tension Capacity of plate:
Tdn = 0.9 fuAn /m1; m1 = 1.25

Tension failure Limit

state

PhotobyJ.A.SwansonandR.LeonofGeorgiaInstituteof
TechnologyAISC

Tension Capacity of PlateStaggered Holes

Tdn = 0.9 fuAn /m1

[b n d

i1

2
i

/ 4 g i ]t

Design Strength of HSFG Bolts

The design slip resistance or nominal shear capacity of a
bolt:

Vnsf = f ne Kh Fo

= Coefficient of friction (called as slip factor)

0.55.
ne = Number of effective interfaces
Kh = 1.0 for fasteners in clearance holes
= 0.85 for fasteners in oversized and short
slotted holes
= 0.7 for fasteners in long slotted holes loaded
parallel to the slot
Fo = Minimum bolt tension (proof load) 0.8 Asb fo
Asb = Nominal shank area of bolt
fo = Proof stress 0.7 fub
fub = Ultimate tensile stress of bolt

Design Strength of
HSFG Bolts (cont.)
The factored design force Vsf, should satisfy:

Vsf Vnsf / mf
mf = 1.10 if slip resistance is designed at service load
mf = 1.25 if slip resistance is designed at ultimate load.

Long Joints:
The design slip resistance is reduced by
lj = 1.075-lj / (200 d) but 0.75<lj 1.0

The fomulae for bearing & tension

resistance, and Combined Shear and
Tension are similar to those of Black bolts.

Coefficient of Friction

Block Shear Strength

It is taken as the smaller of :
0.9 Avn f u f y Atg
T Avg f y 0.9 f u Atn
Tdb 2

db1
m0
3 m1
m1
3 m 0
Avg, Avn = minimum gross and net area
in shear along a line of transmitted
force(along Lv)
Atg,Atn = minimum gross and net area in
tension from the hole to the toe of the
angle or next last row of bolt in
gusset plates (along Lt)
fu,fy = ultimate and yield stress of
the material respectively
m0 = 1.10; m1 = 1.25

Typical Block Shear Failure

PhotobyJ.A.SwansonandR.LeonofGeorgia
InstituteofTechnologyAISC

Capacities of HSFG Bolts

Connection with HSFC Bolts

Case Study: Kemper Arena

collapse
On June 4, 1979
severe wind
(110 km/h) and
rain storm (108
mm) caused a
portion (61 by
66 m )of
Kemper Arena's
roof to collapse

source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemper_Arena

The secondary steel plane trusses were supported by the

space frame by pipe hangers at 42 different panel
points. Each of these hangers carried 622 kN in tension.
the roof was designed to hold water as a temporary
reservoir.

Details of the Kemper Arena

Hanger Assembly
The important lesson to
be learnt by this failure is
that high-strength bolts,
which are relatively
brittle, should not be used
in joints subjected to
fatigue loads.
HSFG bolts, with pretensioning, are suitable
for such connections.

Pin Connections

Pin Connection (cont.)

Design of Pins
Shear capacity
(a) if rotation is not required and the pin is not
intended to be removed: 0.6 fyp A.
(b) if rotation is required or if the pin is intended to be
removed : 0.5 fyp A

Bearing capacity
(a) if rotation is not required and the pin is not
intended to be removed: 1.5 fy dt
(b) if rotation is required or if the pin is intended to be
removed : 0.8 fy dt
fyp is the design strength of the pin, fy is the lower of the
design strength of the pin and the connected part, t is
the thickness of the connected part,

Design of Pin (cont.)

Bending
(a) if rotation is not required and pin
is not intended to be removed: 1.5
fyp Z
(b) if rotation is required or if the pin
is intended to be removed: 1.0 fyp Z
where, A is the cross-sectional area of the pin,
d is the diameter of the pin, Z is the section
modulus of the pin

Simple Connections
Connections may be classified as:
Lap and butt joints
Truss joint connections
Connections at beam-column junctions
Seat angle connection
Web angle connection
Stiffened seat angle connection
Header plate connection

Tension and flange splices

Lap Joints

Butt Joints

Typical Truss
Connections
Block shear model
may be used to
predict the ultimate
capacity of gusset
plate connections in
tension.
Local buckling may
be prevented , by
restricting the
unsupported edge of
a gusset plate to 42
times the thickness,
where
= (250 / fy)0.5.

Case Study: I-35W Mississippi

River Bridge

Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-35W_Mississippi_River_bridge

On August 1, 2007,the bridge collapsed into the river, killing

35 people and injuring 100.The National Transportation
Safety Board (NTSB), concluded that the gusset plates
contributed to the failure of the bridge, as their thickness
was 50% less than the required. NTSB found 16 fractured
gusset plates from the bridge's center span.

Clip and Seating Angle

Connections

Alsocalledseat-angleconnection.
Minimumlengthofbearingatedgeofrootradius
=Reaction/(webthicknessxdesignstrengthofweb)

Design of Unstiffened Seating

Angle Connection
The design consist of the following steps:

Select a seat angle having a length equal to the

width of the beam.
Keep the length of seat more than the bearing
length given by
b = [R / t w (fyw / mo )]
where R = reaction from beam
A dispersion of 450 is taken from the bearing on
the cleat to the root line. Length of bearing on
cleat, b1 = b- (Tf + rb)
rb ,Tf = root radius and thickness of beam flange

Design of Unstiffened Seating

Angle Connection (cont.)
Distance of end bearing on cleat to root angle
b2 = b1 + g (ta + ra)
Select an angle with connect leg > 100mm. The
bending moment,
Mu = R (b2 / b1) x (b2 / 2)
Equate it against the moment capacity
Md = 1.2 Z (fy / mo)
When Md < Mu , revise the section.
The shear capacity of the outstanding leg of cleat is
calculated as
Vdp = w t fy / (3 mo); should be >R
Calculate no. of bolts; Also choose a nominal top cleat
angle

Stiffened Seat Angle

Design of Stiffened Seat

Connection
Assume the size of seat angle on the basis
of bearing length similar to unstiffened seat
connection.
The outstanding leg must not exceed 14
times the thickness, where = (250 / fy)0.5 to
avoid local buckling). The required bearing
area is calculated as
Abr = R / (fy / mo)
Choose the thickness of the stiffener angle
>thickness of the web of the beam.

Design of Stiffened Seat

Connection (cont.)
Assume that the reaction from the beam
acts at the middle of the outstanding leg
of angle.
Compute the eccentricity, B.M., and
tension acting in critical bolts, similar to
the bracket connection.
Check the critical bolt using the
interaction formula.
Provide nominal angle at the top of the
beam & connect with two nominal size
bolts on each leg of the cleat angle.

Web Angle Connection

Double web cleat
connection is preferred over
single sided web cleat
connection.
The beam reaction is
transferred by shear and
bearing from the web of the
beam to the web bolts and
to the angle cleats.
These are then transferred
by the cleat angle to the
bolts at the junction of
supporting member.
Then to the supporting
member mainly by shear
and also by tension and
compression.
The beam is designed as a
simply supported beam

Flexible End Plate Connection

This connection behaviour is
similar to the legs of web angles
connected to the column flange.
Limit the thickness of the plate
and position the bolts not too
close to the web and flange of the
beam.
Keep the length a < 30t
Design the beam for zero end
moment.
Design the column for the
eccentric beam reaction.
The reaction is transferred
By weld shear to the end plate,
by shear and bearing to the bolts,
by shear and bearing to the supporting member.

Web Side Plate Connection

Consists of a fin plate that is
fillet welded to the
supporting member, and
bolted to the beam web.

Use only ordinary bolts.

Design the bolts to fail by bearing of the connected
plies and not by shear of the bolt.
Keep Edge distances > two times bolt diameter.
Make resistance of the welds attaching the fin plate
to the support > the moment applied by the bolts.
Select minimum size of weld, relative to the web
thickness, to achieve ductility

Moment Resistant Connections

Used in framed structures,
where the joints are considered
rigid.
Classified as
Eccentrically loaded connections
Type I (Ecc. Load causing Twisting)
Type II (Ecc. Load causing BM)

Tee stub connections and

Flange angle connections.

Eccentric Shear in Connections

Ecc. Shear Causing Twisting

Elastic (Vector) Analysis- assumptions
Deformation of the connected parts may be
ignored.
The relative movement of the connected parts
are considered as the relative rigid body
rotation of the two parts about some centre of
rotation.
There is friction between the rigid plates and
the elastic fasteners.
The deformation induces reactive bolt forcestangential to the centre of rotation.
This elastic method yields conservative results.

Elastic Vector Analysis

Rotation Effect

M d i
R
d i2
Basedonshafttorsion
analogy

Direct Shear

P
Rv
n

Elastic Vector Analysis (cont.)

In General, we have:
My
Rx
2
2
(
x

y
)

Mx
Ry
2
2
(
x

y
)

P
Rv
n

x and y are Horizontal and vertical distance of d

n= number of bolts

Resultant force in Bolt:

(R

R v)2 R

2
x

The above formula can be extended to a case having vertical

and horizontal loads.

Strength (Plastic) Analysis

An iterative method to
locate the Instantaneous
centre of rotation.
The Elastic (vector)
analysis method yields
more conservative
results.

Bracket-Type II Connection

The bolts are subjected to direct shear along with

tension due to the moment.

Bracket-Type II Connection
(cont.)

M*=Pe

Check:

Vnd

Te

Tnd

1 .0

Tensile force in
extreme critical bolt
Assume NA below
the last bolt

M * yn
Te
2
y
i

Direct
Shear

P
n

End-Plate connections

End-plateconnection

Extendedend-plateconnection

Rigid Beam-to-Column
Connections

Flange-Angle Connection

T-Stub Connection

Beam-to- Beam Connections

Beam-to-Beam Connections

Moment Resistant
Beam-to-Beam Connections

Types of Beam-Splices

Bolted Beam-Splice

Bolted Column Splice

Bolted Column Splice

Column Splices
Using End-Plates