TRAINNING ON VISUAL

INSPECTION

Contents
1. General guideline for visual Inspection
2. Visual Defects in Steel
3. Visual Defects in Welding

General guideline
for
Visual Inspection

Definition of Visual Inspection

Visual inspection is the monitoring of specific
parameters by visual and optical assessments
of test objects and surfaces.
Inspection may be by the use of the eye
alone or can be enhanced using optical
systems such as magnifiers and microscopes.
A variety of equipment is available to the
visual inspector including mirrors and gauges.

Conditions for visual inspection

Visual inspection must take place in a clean,

comfortable environment with adequate
lighting. There should be reasonable access
to the parts to be inspected and attention
should be paid to safety, working position,
and atmospheric conditions. The test piece
should be clean and free from protective
coatings. Any equipment to be used should
be checked for accuracy and its operation
understood by the inspector.

General guideline for Visual Inspection

1.Sufficient Illumination
2.Correct eye distance from object
and correct angle between eye
& object
3.Mirror, magnifying glasses to
use if required

General guideline for Visual Inspection

1. Sufficient Illumination :
No vision without illumination
At least 300 lux as per API 5L, 44th
edition
At least 1000 lux as per ASME Sec V

Near Vision Examination

The applicant is capable of reading a
minimum of Jaeger No.2 or equivalent type
and size of letter at a distance of not less
than 12 inches on a standard Jaeger test
chart. The ability to perceive an Ortho-Rater
minimum of 8 or a similar test pattern is also
acceptable. This test should he administered
annually. Candidates must also he capable of
differentiating different shades of colors this color vision must be tested every 3
years.
This is specified in ASNT document number
SNT-TC-1A.

Viewing angles and distances

It is recommended that direct

vision testing should be carried
out between 250 mm and
600mm and the angle between
the eye and test surface not
less than 30.

Rules
Thin steel rules are used by the visual
inspector for accuracy, i.e. less parallax
error, good dimensional stability and
small width of graticules. Measurement
markings may he metric, imperial or
both. The smallest increment is usually
0.5 mm or 1/64 inch.

Visual Defects
in
Steels

Visual Defects in Steels

Arc Burns
Blister
Cracks
Dents
Hard Spot
Inclusion
Lamination
Tong mark

Lap
Pitting
Roll Mark
Rolled-in-Scale
Scab
Seam
Sliver
Seam line

+ + + And So many

Visual Defects in Steels

Arc Burn
Localized point of the surface melting caused by the
arcing between electrode/ground and pipe surface

Arc burn

Visual Defects in Steels

Blistering
A raised spot on the plate surface caused by the
pocketing of the gas within the plate wall

Blistering

Visual Defects in Steels

Cracks
Internal ruptures in steel caused by stresses which arise
from the combination of several factors, such as volume
changes due to transformation, brittleness due to the
presence of hydrogen, and the arrangement of the microstructure, resulting from hot working.

Cracks

Visual Defects in Steels

Dents
A local change in the surface contour caused by
mechanical impact, but not accompanied by the
material loss.

Dent

Visual Defects in Steels

Hard Spot
Area of the pipe having hardness level considerably high
as compare with surrounding metal usually due to
localized quenching.

Visual Defects in Steels

Gauge mark
Elongated grooves or cavities caused by removal of
metal

Gauge Mark

Chisel Marks
Marks
Chisel

Visual Defects in Steels

Inclusion
Foreign material or non metallic particle entrapped
within the metal during solidification

Inclusions

Inclusion

Visual Defects in Steels

Lamination
Internal metal separation creating layers
generally parallel to surface

Lamination

Visual Defects in Steels

Lap
Fold of metal which has been rolled or otherwise
worked against the surface of the rolled metal ,
but has not fused into sound metal

Lap

Visual Defects in Steels

Pitting
Depression resulting from the removal of foreign
material rolled into the surface during the
manufacture.
And
Depression resulting from impression of foreign
material into the plate surface during the
manufacturing.

Pitting

Visual Defects in Steels

Roll Mark
A term applied to the surface imperfection caused
by improper rolled alignment or roll surface
damage.

Roll Mark

Visual Defects in Steels

Roll in-slug
A term applied to the surface imperfection caused
by improper rolled alignment or roll surface
damage.

Roll In-Slugs

Visual Defects in Steels

Sliver
A extremely thin elongated piece of metal that has been
rolled into the surface of the parent metal to which it
is attached usually by the one end.
Sliver is caused by the poor rolling mill practices, billet
defects, improper biller conditioning, high rolling
speed etc

Sliver

Visual Defects in Steels

Scab
Imperfection in the form of a shell, generally attached to
the surface by sound metal.
Scabs are irregularly shaped, flattened protrusions
caused by splash, boiling or other problems from
teeming, casting, or conditioning

Scab

Visual Defects in Steels

Seam
Crevice in the rolled metal which has been more
or less closed by rolling or other work but has
not been fused into sound metal.

Visual Defects
in
Pipes Body
(Due to Process and poor workmanship)

Improper Grinding

Deep Grinding

Chips Mark

Visual Defects
in
Welding

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