DEGRADASI KARBOHIDRAT

Drh.M.Isa,M.Si

Food molecules:
complex carbohydrates, etc.

Molecules that form the cell:

lipids, proteins, etc.

Useful forms
of energy

Catabolic
pathways

Building blocks for biosynthesis:

sugars, amino acids, etc.

Anabolic
(biosynthetic)
pathways

Adapted from Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4th ed.

Heterotrophicmetabolism:

Interconversionofmaterialandenergy
Catabolism
(breakdown):
Yields energy,
precursors

coupled

Anabolism
(synthesis):
Requires energy,
precursors

Howarecatabolismandanabolismcoupled?

ATPcouplesenergybetweencatabolism
ATP
andanabolism
Energy available for work
& chemical synthesis (e.g.
movement, signal
amplification, etc.

ADP + Pi

ATP
Major activities
promoted by ATP:
-locomotion
-membrane transport
-signal transduction
-keeping materials
in the cell
-nucleotide synthesis

anabolism

Energy from food (fuel

molecules) or from
photosynthesis

catabolism

ATP is the principal carrier of chemical energy in the cell!

pp.381

CellularMetabolism

Part 2:
Breakdown of
simple subunits to
acetyl CoA
accompanied by
production of
limited amounts of
ATP and NADH

fats

polysaccharides

proteins

fatty acids
and glycerol

simple sugars

amino acids

glucose
glycolysis

Part 1:
Breakdown of large
macromolecules to
simple subunits

ATP
NADH

pyruvate

Acetyl CoA
CoA

Part 3:
Complete oxidation
of acetyl CoA to H2O
and CO2
accompanied by
production of large
amounts of NADH
and ATP in
mitochondrion

Citric
acid
cycle

2 CO2

8 e- (Reducing power as NADH)

oxidative
phosphorylation

ATP

O2
H 2O
Adapted from MBOC4,
fig. 2-70 & pp. 383

Catabolism - Respiration, fermentation

Respiration:
Glycolysis
Krebs/Tricarboxylic acid (TCA)
Cycle
Electron transport chain &
oxidative phosphorylation

Fermentation:
Glycolysis followed by
NAD+ regeneration reactions.

CellularMetabolism

Part 2:
Breakdown of
simple subunits to
acetyl CoA
accompanied by
production of
limited amounts of
ATP and NADH

fats

polysaccharides

proteins

fatty acids
and glycerol

simple sugars

amino acids

glucose
glycolysis

Part 1:
Breakdown of large
macromolecules to
simple subunits

ATP
NADH

pyruvate

Acetyl CoA
CoA

Part 3:
Complete oxidation
of acetyl CoA to H2O
and CO2
accompanied by
production of large
amounts of NADH
and ATP in
mitochondrion

Citric
acid
cycle

2 CO2

8 e- (Reducing power as NADH)

oxidative
phosphorylation

ATP

O2
H 2O
Adapted from MBOC4,
fig. 2-70 & pp. 383

CellularMetabolism

Part 2:
Breakdown of
simple subunits to
acetyl CoA
accompanied by
production of
limited amounts of
ATP and NADH

fats

polysaccharides

proteins

fatty acids
and glycerol

simple sugars

amino acids

glucose
glycolysis

Part 1:
Breakdown of large
macromolecules to
simple subunits

ATP
NADH

pyruvate

Acetyl CoA
CoA

Part 3:
Complete oxidation
of acetyl CoA to H2O
and CO2
accompanied by
production of large
amounts of NADH
and ATP in
mitochondrion

Citric
acid
cycle

2 CO2

8 e- (Reducing power as NADH)

oxidative
phosphorylation

ATP

O2
H 2O
Adapted from MBOC4,
fig. 2-70 & pp. 383

Glucose catabolism

O
O

O
O

C6H12O6
glucose
(asugar)

oxidation

(requiresO2)

+ 6O2

6CO2 + 6H2O
Carbon
dioxide

reduction

water

G= -686 kcal/mol
Exergonic rxn

3 stages involved:
1) Glycolysis
2) TCA (citric acid) cycle
3) Electron transport/oxidative phosphorylation
Food = electron donor
Oxygen = terminal electron acceptor

RegulationofEnergyMetabolism

Part 2:
Breakdown of
simple subunits to
acetyl CoA
accompanied by
production of
limited amounts of
ATP and NADH

fats

polysaccharides

proteins

fatty acids
and glycerol

simple sugars

amino acids

glucose
glycolysis

Part 1:
Breakdown of large
macromolecules to
simple subunits

ATP

glycolysis

NADH

pyruvate

Acetyl CoA
CoA

Part 3:
Complete oxidation
of acetyl CoA to H2O
and CO2
accompanied by
production of large
amounts of NADH
and ATP in
mitochondrion
Adapted from MBOC4,
fig. 2-70 & pp. 383

Citric
acid
cycle

2 CO2

TCAcycle

8 e- (Reducing power as NADH)

oxidative
phosphorylation

ATP

O2
H 2O

electrontransport
&
ox.phosphorylation

Glucose catabolism

O
O

C6H12O6
glucose
(asugar)

(requiresO2)

6CO2 + 6H2O
Carbon
dioxide
o

water

G =686kcal/mol

3 stages involved:
1) Glycolysis
2) TCA (citric acid) cycle
3) Electron transport/oxidative phosphorylation
noO2required

lactate(muscle)
glucose
ethanol(yeast)
What organisms use glycolysis?
1. Anaerobes (grow without O2)
2. Facultative organisms (grow with & without O2)
3. Aerobes (grow only with O2)

Glycolysis:

CellularMetabolism

Part 2:
Breakdown of
simple subunits to
acetyl CoA
accompanied by
production of
limited amounts of
ATP and NADH

fats

polysaccharides

proteins

fatty acids
and glycerol

simple sugars

amino acids

glucose
glycolysis

Part 1:
Breakdown of large
macromolecules to
simple subunits

ATP
NADH

pyruvate

Acetyl CoA
CoA

Part 3:
Complete oxidation
of acetyl CoA to H2O
and CO2
accompanied by
production of large
amounts of NADH
and ATP in
mitochondrion
Adapted from MBOC4,
fig. 2-70 & pp. 383

Citric
acid
cycle

2 CO2

8 e- (Reducing power as NADH)

oxidative
phosphorylation

ATP

O2
H 2O

Glycolysis

Glycolysis
Splitting of glucose: yield of 2 pyruvate molecules
from one glucose molecule. (Also H2O.)
ATP invested in early steps, energy generated in later
steps. Net energy yield: 2 ATP, 2 NADH + 2 H+.

CellularMetabolism

Part 2:
Breakdown of
simple subunits to
acetyl CoA
accompanied by
production of
limited amounts of
ATP and NADH

fats

polysaccharides

proteins

fatty acids
and glycerol

simple sugars

amino acids

glucose
glycolysis

Part 1:
Breakdown of large
macromolecules to
simple subunits

ATP
NADH

pyruvate

Acetyl CoA
CoA

Part 3:
Complete oxidation
of acetyl CoA to H2O
and CO2
accompanied by
production of large
amounts of NADH
and ATP in
mitochondrion

Citric
acid
cycle

2 CO2

8 e- (Reducing power as NADH)

oxidative
phosphorylation

ATP

O2
H 2O
Adapted from MBOC4,
fig. 2-70 & pp. 383

Krebs Cycle
Transition step required after pyruvate enters
mitochondrion; pyruvate converted to Acetyl
CoA. (NAD+ reduced to NADH during this
process.)
Krebs cycle doesnt directly need oxygen, but
wont occur without it.
Krebs cycle involves decarboxylation, oxidation
to generate NADH, FADH2, ATP. CO2 is
byproduct of these steps.
NADH, FADH2 will relay electrons to electron
transport chain.

CellularMetabolism

Part 2:
Breakdown of
simple subunits to
acetyl CoA
accompanied by
production of
limited amounts of
ATP and NADH

fats

polysaccharides

proteins

fatty acids
and glycerol

simple sugars

amino acids

glucose
glycolysis

Part 1:
Breakdown of large
macromolecules to
simple subunits

ATP
NADH

pyruvate

Acetyl CoA
CoA

Part 3:
Complete oxidation
of acetyl CoA to H2O
and CO2
accompanied by
production of large
amounts of NADH
and ATP in
mitochondrion

Citric
acid
cycle

2 CO2

8 e- (Reducing power as NADH)

oxidative
phosphorylation

ATP

O2
H 2O
Adapted from MBOC4,
fig. 2-70 & pp. 383

Electron transport system

Electron transport chain and oxidative
phosphorylation produce ATP from products of
glycolysis, Krebs.
Electron transport chain = protein complexes with
prosthetic groups in/on inner mitochondrial
membrane. (Some groups are able to move! E.g.
Cyt C)
ETC facilitates series of redox reactions, with
oxygen as final electron acceptor.
ATP formation uses proton motive force - voltage
across membrane (ion gradient) that results from
high [H+] in intermembrane space.

Redox reactions
Many energy transfers involve transfer of
electrons (or hydrogen atoms).
Oxidation and reduction occur together.

Loss of electrons from one substance = oxidation.

Addition of electrons to a substance = reduction.
Oxidizing agent - accepts electrons.
Reducing agent - gives up electrons.

E.g. Na + Cl -> Na+ + Cloxidation

reduction

Electron transport chain - series of redox

reactions
Cells release energy in stages.

Electron transport system

Development of Proton Motive

Force
from Chemiosmosis

Formation of ATP from Proton Motive

Force and ATP Synthase

ATP Production during Aerobic

Respiration by
Oxidative Phosphorylation involving Electron
Transport System and Chemiosmosis

Bacterial electron transport

ASM digital image collection:

http://www.asmusa.org

Bacterial chemiosmotic ATP generation

CellularMetabolism

Part 2:
Breakdown of
simple subunits to
acetyl CoA
accompanied by
production of
limited amounts of
ATP and NADH

fats

polysaccharides

proteins

fatty acids
and glycerol

simple sugars

amino acids

glucose
glycolysis

Part 1:
Breakdown of large
macromolecules to
simple subunits

ATP
NADH

pyruvate

Acetyl CoA
CoA

Part 3:
Complete oxidation
of acetyl CoA to H2O
and CO2
accompanied by
production of large
amounts of NADH
and ATP in
mitochondrion

Citric
acid
cycle

2 CO2

8 e- (Reducing power as NADH)

oxidative
phosphorylation

ATP

O2
H 2O
Adapted from MBOC4,
fig. 2-70 & pp. 383

CellularMetabolism

Part 2:
Breakdown of
simple subunits to
acetyl CoA
accompanied by
production of
limited amounts of
ATP and NADH

fats

polysaccharides

proteins

fatty acids
and glycerol

simple sugars

amino acids

glucose
glycolysis

Part 1:
Breakdown of large
macromolecules to
simple subunits

ATP
NADH

pyruvate

Acetyl CoA
CoA

Part 3:
Complete oxidation
of acetyl CoA to H2O
and CO2
accompanied by
production of large
amounts of NADH
and ATP in
mitochondrion

Citric
acid
cycle

2 CO2

8 e- (Reducing power as NADH)

oxidative
phosphorylation

ATP

O2
H 2O
Adapted from MBOC4,
fig. 2-70 & pp. 383

Fermented food?
Yogourt

Fermented milk, fermentation carried out by lactic acid

bacteria.

Bread

Simple fermentation of sugar to alchohol and CO 2 by bread

yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. CO2 makes bread rise.

Kimchee

Cabbage and other veggies fermented by lactic acid bacteria.

Even some meat & fish products!

E.g. Country-cured ham, Katsuobushi (tuna)

Unusual catabolism
Badger Ammunitions Plant - 1942-1976 provided weapons for the military and
handled large quantities of explosive
nitroglycerin (NG).

CONTAMINATION!!!!!