CHAPTER 6

ENTROPY
Sub-chapter covered
6.6 Entropy Balances

Entropy Balances
1. Property entropy is a measure of molecular disorder of randomness
of a system
2. Entropy can be created but it cannot be destroyed (2 nd Law of Thermodynamics)
3. Entropy balance entropy change of a system during a process is equal
to the net entropy transfer through the system boundary and the
entropy generated within the system

S in S out S gen S system

Entropy Change of a System, Ssystem

1. Evaluating entropy of the system at the beginning and at the end of the
process and taking their difference
Entropy change

Entropy at final state -

entropy at initial

S system S final Sinitial S 2 S1

# value of property does not change unless the state of the system changes

Entropy Transfer, Sin and Sout

1. Entropy can be transferred to or from a system by two mechanisms
i) heat transfer
ii) mass flow
i) Heat transfer
heat transfer to a system increase the entropy of that system and heat
transfer from a system decrease the entropy of the system

entropy transfer by heat transfer :

Q
S heat
(T cons tan t )
T
Qk
S heat
(T not cons tan t )
Tk

where Qk is the heat transfer through boundary

at temp Tk at location k

 no entropy is exchanged during a work interaction between a system

and its surroundings (only energy exchange during work interaction)

S work 0

Entropy transfer by work :

ii) Mass Flow

S mass ms

Entropy transfer by mass flow :

S mass sVn dAc

Ac

and

S mass S mass dt
t

where Ac is the cross sectional area of the flow and Vn is the local
velocity normal to dAc

Entropy Generation, Sgen

1. Entropy that created by such effects during a process
2. General entropy balance in various form

general form
rate form

Sin S out S gen S system

(kJ / K )

kW / K

S in S out S gen S system

unit mass basis sin sout s gen ssystem

(kJ / kg.K )

Sgen

represents the entropy generation within the system boundary

Sgen= 0 : process that internally reversible

Consideration on two condition
Closed systems (control mass)
Open system (control volumes)

Closed Systems (control mass)

1. Involves no mass flow
2. Entropy changes of closed system is due to the entropy transfer
accompanying heat transfer and the entropy generation within the system

closed system

Qk
T S gen S system S 2 S1
k
S gen S adiabatic system

adiabatic closed system

system surroundin gs

(kJ / K )

S gen S S system S surroundings

S system m( s2 s1 )

and S surroundings

Qsurr

Tsurr

Open Systems (control volume)

1. Involves mass flow across the boundaries

Qk
generally
mi si me se S gen S 2 S1 CV (kJ / K )
Tk

Qk

rate form
m i si m e se S gen S 2 S 1
Tk

steady flow * S CV 0

steady flow sin gle stream

S gen

(kW / K )
CV

Qk
m e se m i si
Tk

S gen

Qk
m( se si )
Tk

steady flow sin gle stream adiabatic

S gen m( se si )

Answers: (a) W = 514 kJ, (b) Q = 5932 kJ, (c) Sgen = 5.98 kJ/K
Energy bal: m(u2-u1) = Q W
Entropy bal: m(s2-s1) = Q/T + Sgen
Sgen = Swater + Ssur

Answers: (a) n = 0.6, (b) Snet = 0.0092 kJ/K

Q = 34 kJ, W = 13 kJ
Snet > 0 process satisfies 2nd law. Possible.

Refrigerant-134a enters a compressor as a saturated vapor at 200 kPa

at a rate of 0.03 m3/s and leaves at 700 kPa. The power input to the
compressor is 10 kW. If the surroundings at 20C experience an entropy
increase of 0.008 kW/K, determine
(a) the rate of heat loss from the compressor
(b) the exit temperature of the refrigerant
(c) the rate of entropy generation

Answers: (a) Qloss = 2.34 kW, (b) 31.5 C, (c) Sgen = 0.00754
kW/K