Group 5

Mishra arun kumar

Mishra suryanarayan
Mohammed anees pulatharakkal
Pallera Loveline
Pandey bharat Kumar
Pani nayan Ranjan
Pizarro Michael Angelo
Prakash Ved
Ranjan Alok
Raveendran Sruthi

Hepatitis B
Inflammation of the Liver
is a potentially life-threatening liver infection caused

by the hepatitis B virus.

is an hepadnavirushepa from hepatotrophic and
dna because it is a DNA virusand it has a circular
genome composed of partially double-stranded
DNA. The viruses replicate through an RNA
intermediate form by reverse transcription, and in
this respect they are similar to retroviruses.Although
replication takes place in the liver, the virus spreads
to the blood where virus-specific proteins and their
corresponding antibodies are found in infected
people. Blood tests for these proteins and
antibodies are used to diagnose the infection.

2 phase of Hepatitis B
1. Acute (new, short-term) hepatitis B occurs

shortly after exposure to the virus. A small

number of people develop a very severe,
life-threatening form of acute hepatitis called
fulminant hepatitis.
2. Chronic (ongoing, long-term) hepatitis B is
an infection with HBV that lasts longer than
6 months. Once the infection becomes
chronic, it may never go away completely.

Incubation Period
The virus incubation period is 90 days on

average, but can vary from about 30 to 180

days. HBV may be detected 30 to 60 days
after infection and persist for widely variable
periods of time.

Transmission
Hepatitis B virus is transmitted between people by

contact with the blood or other body fluids

( semen and vaginal fluid)of an infected person.
Common modes of transmission in developing
countries are:

perinatal (from mother to baby at birth)

blood transfusions
sexual contact
being tattooed or pierced with unsterilized tools that

were used on an infected person

- unsafe injections practices
getting an accidental needle stick with a needle
that was used on an infected person
using an infected persons razor
sharing drug needles with an infected person

Transmission from infected

mother
to
the
baby

Hepatitis B can be transmitted from an

infected mother to her child during the
birthing process.
Newborns that become infected with HBV
have a 90% chance of developing chronic
(lifelong) infection.
Cesarean sections (C-sections) have not
been found to prevent HBV transmission
from mother to child.

Test for the pregnant

women
Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg):
Tells if you have chronic hepatitis B (also
known as being a hepatitis B carrier).

During pregnancy
- Currently, antiviral HBV treatments are not

recommended during pregnancy.

At time of birth
Time

Infant born to mother with

HBV should receive

At birth

birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine

and hepatitis B
immunoglobulin (HBIG)

1-2 months

2nd dose of hepatitis B vaccine

6 months

3rd dose of hep B vaccine

9-18 months

HBsAg and anti-HBs* tests to

confirm that your child is

You cannot get Hep B

from:
shaking hands with an infected person
hugging an infected person
sitting next to an infected person

Pathogenesis

hepatitis, HBV can cause acute and chronic hepatitis.

The following are disease states caused by this virus:

1) Acute hepatitis.
2) Fulminant hepatitis: Severe acute hepatitis with rapid
destruction of the liver.
3) Chronic hepatitis:
a)Asymptomatic carrier: The carrier patient never
develops antibodies against HBsAg (anti-HBsAg) and harbors
the virus without liver injury.There are an estimated 200
million carriers of HBV in the world.
b.) Chronic-persistent hepatitis: The patient has a lowgrade "smoldering" hepatitis.
c) Chronic active hepatitis: The patient has an acute
hepatitis state that continues without the normal recovery
(lasts longer than 6-12 months).
4) Co-infection with hepatitis delta virus (HDV)

Liver injury appears to occur from a cell-

mediated immune
system attack on HBV. Viral antigens on the
surface of infected hepatocytes are targets for
cytotoxic T-cells. Immune complexes of antibody
and HBsAg can deposit in tissues and activate
the immune system, resulting in arthritis, as
well as skin and kidney damage. Patients who
have immunosuppressed states, such as
malnutrition, AIDS, and chronic illness, are more
likely to be asymptomatic carriers because their
immune system does not attack.

Clinical manifestations
associated with acute viral hepatitis an

illness that begins with general ill-health, loss

of appetite, nausea, vomiting, body aches,
mild fever, dark urine, and then progresses to
development of jaundice.
People can take several months to a year to
recover from the symptoms. HBV can also
cause a chronic liver infection that can later
develop into cirrhosis of the liver or liver
cancer.

Management/ Prevention
There is no specific treatment for acute

hepatitis B. Care is aimed at maintaining

comfort and adequate nutritional balance,
including replacement of fluids that are lost
from vomiting and diarrhea.
Chronic hepatitis B can be treated with drugs,
including interferon and anti-viral agents,
which can help some patients.

Although none of the available drugs can clear

the infection, they can stop the virus from

replicating, thus minimizing liver damage.
Infants born to mothers known to carry
hepatitis B can be treated with antibodies to
the hepatitis B virus (HBIg). When given with
the vaccine within twelve hours of birth, the
risk of acquiring hepatitis B is reduced
90%.This treatment allows a mother to safely
breastfeed her child.

People in high risk groups should also be vaccinated,

including:
persons with high-risk sexual behaviour;
partners and household contacts of HBV infected

persons;
injecting drug users;
persons who frequently require blood or blood products;
recipients of solid organ transplantation;
those at occupational risk of HBV infection, including
health care workers; and
international travellers to countries with high rates of
HBV.

WHO: Key facts

Hepatitis B is a viral infection that attacks the liver and can cause

both acute and chronic disease.

The virus is transmitted through contact with the blood or other
body fluids of an infected person - not through casual contact.
About 2 billion people worldwide have been infected with the virus
and about 350 million live with chronic infection. An estimated 600
000 persons die each year due to the acute or chronic
consequences of hepatitis B.
About 25% of adults who become chronically infected during
childhood later die from liver cancer or cirrhosis (scarring of the
liver) caused by the chronic infection.
The hepatitis B virus is 50 to 100 times more infectious than HIV.
Hepatitis B virus is an important occupational hazard for health
workers.
Hepatitis B is preventable with a safe and effective vaccine.

Thank you!