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It is a tetravalent element.
Its tetravalency allow it to make a large
no. of compounds.
It makes new compounds by sharing of
electrons ,thus it is a covalent compound.
Carbon can make a large number of
compounds due to two reasons: Catenation:- Self linking property
Tetravalency:-Ability to make covalent
compounds by sharing of electrons.
PROPERTIES OF
BUCKMINSTERFULLERENCE: It is an allotrope of carbon made by joining
of sixty carbon atoms.
It resembles the shape of a football.
It is a dark solid molecule at room
temperature.
It is neither hard nor soft. It is in between
diamond and graphite.
It also burns with oxygen to form carbon
dioxide(CO2).
Indicated by
One carbon
Meth
Two carbons
Eth
Three carbons
Prop
Four carbons
But
Five carbons
Pent
Six carbons
Hex
Seven carbons
Hept
Eight carbons
Oct
Nine carbons
Non
Ten carbons
Dec
n-Butane
iso-Butane
NAMING OF BRANCHED
HYDROCARBONS: Certain rules are followed while naming
branched hydrocarbons: The longest chain of carbon atoms in the
structure of he compound is found first.
The compound is then named as a derivative of
the alkane hydrocarbon which corresponds to the
longest chain. This is called parent hydrocarbon.
The alkyl groups present as side chains are
considered as substituents and named
separately.
Naming of this compound is done as follows: There are three carbons in the longest chain in the
above structure. Now the alkane containing 3
carbons is propane. So its parent hydrocarbon is
propane.
On the second carbon there is one methyl group.
Thus the prefix of this structure is 2-methyl.
On combining these two, we get the name of
compound as 2-methyl propane.
HALO GROUPX(X can be Cl, Br or I): When one hydrogen atom of an alkane is
replaced by a halogen atom, we get a
haloalkane.
The halogen atom can be of chlorine,
bromine or of iodine.
For example:- In methane i.e.,CH 4, if one
hydrogen is replaced by chlorine atom it
become CH3Cl named as chloromethane.
COAL AND PETROLEUM: Coal and petroleum are two most important
fuels. They have stored energy in them which
can be used for different purposes.
Coal was formed by the decomposition of large
land plants and trees buried under the earth
millions of years ago.
Petroleum oil was formed by the decomposition
of the remains of extremely small plants and
animal buried under the sea millions of years
ago.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
CARBON COMPOUNDS: The most important carbon compounds i.e.,
hydrocarbons show some specific properties
on which they can be differentiated. The
chemical properties of hydrocarbons are: Combustion In all hydrocarbons
Substitution Reactions In saturated
hydrocarbons
Addition Reactions In unsaturated
hydrocarbons
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
ALCOHOL: Ethanol is a colourless liquid having a
pleasant smell and a burning taste.
It is a volatile and has low boiling point of
78C.
It is easily soluble in water due to presence
of hydroxyl group in it.
It is a covalent compound.
It is neutral in nature and do not effect
litmus paper.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
ETHANOL: Ethanol show the following chemical
properties:Combustion Reaction
Oxidation Reaction
Reaction with sodium metal
Dehydration
Reaction with Ethanoic Acid
Oxygen
Carbon
Dioxide
Water
Vapour
Nascent Oxygen
Ethanoic Acid
Water
Sodium
Sodium ethoxide
Hydrogen
CH2=CH2 + H20
Ethene
Water
Ethanol
Ethyl Ethanoate
(Sweet smelling ester)
Water
HARMFUL EFFECTS OF
DRINKING ALCOHOL: Alcohol slows down the activity of the nervous
system and the brain.
Alcohol drinking lowers mental restrains due to
which drunken man become quarrelsome.
Heavy drinking of alcohol can lead to blurred
vision, dizziness and vomiting.
Heavy drinking of alcohol over a long period of
time can damage the stomach, liver, heart,
and even brain. It can even lead to death of
the person.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
ETHANOIC ACID: Ethanoic acid is a colourless liquid having a
sour taste and a smell of vinegar.
The boiling point of ethanoic acid is 118C.
When pure ethanoic acid is cooled, it freezes
to form a colourless, ice-like solid. Due to this,
pure ethanoic acid is called glacial ethanoic
acid.
Ethanoic acid is miscible with water in all
proportions.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
ETHANOIC ACID: Ethanoic acid shows the following chemical
properties: Action on litmus.
Reaction with Carbonates and Hydrogen
carbonates.
Reaction with Sodium Hydroxide.
Reaction with Ethanol.
Hydrolysis of Esters.
Reaction with Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate:Ethanoic acid reacts with Sodium Hydrogen
Carbonate to form Sodium Ethanoate, water
and carbon dioxide:CH3COOH + NaHCO3
Sodium
Sodium Ethanoate
Water
Ethanoate
Ethanol
Ethyl Ethanoate
(Sweet smelling ester)
Water
Sodium Hydroxide
CH3COONa + C2H5OH
Sodium Ethanoate
Ethanol