Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
THERMAL ENGINEERING
CHAPTER 6
REFRIGERATION
KJM 381
Malaysia (overall)
Educational building
KJM 381
2
3
KJM 381
KJM 381
KJM 381
qnet wnet
Q net W net
V2 V1
g ( z 2 z1 )
h2 h1
2000
1000
2
V2 V1
g ( z 2 z1 )
m h2 h1
2000
1000
Q net W net m
V2 V1
g ( z 2 z1 )
h2 h1
2000
1000
2
(kJ / kg )
( kJ )
(kW )
KJM 381
KJM 381
.
.
.
Vin
Vout
hin
gzin Q out W out mout hout
gzout
2
2
out
Q in W in min
in
W in m h2 h1
KJM 381
KJM 381
Introduction
Refrigeration is defined as a process of making something
cold, and cold can be defined as an absence of heat.
10
KJM 381
(B) Evaporator
(H) Valve
(C) Compressor
(D) Condenser
Global Aspiration A World Class University
11
KJM 381
12
KJM 381
13
KJM 381
14
KJM 381
Process Description
1-2
Isentropic compression
2-3
3-4
Throttling process
4-1
15
KJM 381
16
KJM 381
17
KJM 381
18
KJM 381
19
KJM 381
Components Description
COMPRESSOR: Provide the driving force for the entire
system by drawing low pressure refrigerant in and adding
pressure such that it exits at a higher temperature.
CONDENSER: Exhaust heat from the system by virtue of
heat transfer across a temperature gradient. The
refrigerant in the condenser is at a higher temperature than
the ambient temperature.
20
KJM 381
21
KJM 381
W in m(h2 h1 )
Condenser
Q H m(h2 h3 )
Expansion
valve
h3 h4
Evaporator
Q L m(h1 h4 )
22
KJM 381
Cycle
Refrigerator
COPR
QL
.
W in
h1 h4
h2 h1
Heat pump
COPHP
QH
.
W in
h2 h3
h2 h1
23
KJM 381
24
KJM 381
25
KJM 381
Example #1
A refrigerator uses refrigerant-134a as the working fluid and
operates on an ideal vapor compression refrigeration cycle
between 0.14 and 0.8 MPa. If the mass flow rate of the
refrigerant is 0.05 kg/s, determine (a) the rate of heat
removal from the refrigerated space and the power input to
the compressor (b) the rate of heat rejection to the
environment (c) the COP of the refrigerator.
26
KJM 381
Example #2
A refrigerator uses refrigerant-134a as the working fluid. It
enters the compressor as superheated vapor at 0.14 MPa,
-10C and is compressed to 0.8 Mpa and 50 C. The
refrigerant is cooled in the condenser to 0.72 MPa, 26C
and then is throttled to 0.15 MPa. The mass flow rate of the
refrigerant is 0.05 kg/s. Determine (a) the rate of heat
removal from the refrigerated space and the power input to
the compressor (b) isentropic efficiency of the compressor
(c) the COP of the refrigerator.
27
KJM 381
Refrigerants
Type of refrigerants:
28
KJM 381
Refrigerant Selection
Two important parameters: the temperatures of the refrigerated
space and the environment with which the refrigerant
exchanges heat.
R-134a (replaced R-12, which damages ozone layer) is used
in domestic refrigerators and freezers, as well as automotive
air conditioners.
R-502 (a blend of R-115 and R-22) is the dominant refrigerant
used in commercial refrigeration systems such as those in
supermarkets.
Global Aspiration A World Class University
29
KJM 381
30
KJM 381
31
KJM 381
m A (h5 h8 ) m B (h2 h3 )
(h2 h3 )
m B (h5 h8 )
mA
QL
COPR ,cascade
W net ,in
m B (h1 h4 )
m A (h6 h5 ) m B (h2 h1 )
32
KJM 381
Multistage Compression
Refrigeration System
When the fluid used throughout the cascade refrigeration
system is the same, the heat exchanger between the
stages can be replaced by a mixing chamber (called a flash
chamber).
Flash chamber has a better heat transfer characteristics.
Such system is called multistage compression refrigeration
system.
Global Aspiration A World Class University
33
KJM 381
34
KJM 381
Example 3:
35
KJM 381
Example #4
A vapor compression plant uses R-134a and has a suction pressure of 0.14 MPa
and a condenser pressure of 0.8 MPa. The vapor is dry saturated on entering the
compressor and there is no undercooling of the condensate. Part of the
refrigerant evaporates during flashing process and this vapor is mixed with the
refrigerant leaving the low pressure compressor. The mixture is then compressed
to the condenser pressure by the high pressure compressor. The liquid in the
flash chamber is throttled to the evaporator pressure and cools the refrigerated
space as it vaporizes in the evaporator. Assuming the refrigerant leaves the
evaporator as a saturated vapor and both compressors are isentropic. The
compression is carried out isentropically in two stages and a flash chamber is
employed at a pressure of 0.32 MPa. Calculate (a) the amount of vapor bled off
at the flash chamber, (b) the amount of heat removed from the refrigerated
space, (c) the compressor work, and (d) the coefficient of performance.
36
Required input
Work input
Qgen Wpump ,in Qgen
Global Aspiration A World Class University
37
38
KJM 381
Application of Refrigeration
Food processing, preservation and distribution.
39
KJM 381
Application of Refrigeration
Chemical and process industries.
Separation of gases
Condensation of gases
Solidification of solute
Storage of liquid at low pressure
Removal of heat of reaction (exothermic)
Recovery of solvents
40
KJM 381
41
KJM 381
42
KJM 381
43
KJM 381
3 compressors
(in standby mode)
44
KJM 381
Make-up
water tank
3
Condenser
Expansion valve
Compressor
Refrigerant
R-22 flows
Evaporator
4
Make-up
water flows
1
From heat exchanger
To heat
exchanger
45
KJM 381
Case Study
Required process
temperature in the
reactor: -80C
46
KJM 381
47
KJM 381
Example 5
Consider a two stage cascade refrigeration system operating
between the pressure limits of 1.2 Mpa and 200 kPa with
refrigerant R-134a as the working fluid. Heat rejection from the
lower cycle to the upper cycle takes place in an adiabatic
counterflow heat exchanger where the pressure at the upper
and lower cycles are 0.4 and 0.5 Mpa, respectively. In both
cycles, the refrigerant is saturated liquid at the condenser exit
and saturated vapor at the compressor inlet, and the
isentropic efficiency of the compressor is 80%. If the mass
flow rate of refrigerant through the lower cycle is 0.15 kg/s,
determine (a) the mass flow rate of the refrigerant through the
upper cycle, (b) the rate of heat removal from the refrigerated
space, and (c) the COP.
Global Aspiration A World Class University
48
KJM 381
Example 6
Consider a two stage cascade refrigeration system operating between the pressure
limits of 1.2 MPa and 200 kPa with refrigerant R-134a as the working fluid. The
refrigerant leaves the condenser as a saturated liquid and is throttled to a flash
chamber operating at 0.45 MPa. Part of the refrigerant evaporates during the
flashing process and this vapor is mixed with the refrigerant leaving the low
pressure compressor. The mixture is then compressed to the condenser pressure
by the high pressure compressor. The liquid in the flash chamber is throttled to the
evaporator pressure and cools the refrigerated space as it vaporizes in the
evaporator. The mass flowrate of the refrigerant through the low pressure
compressor is 0.15 kg/s. Assuming the refrigerant leaves the evaporator as a
saturated vapor and the isentropic efficiency is 80% for both compressor,
determine(a) The mass flowrate of the refrigerant through the high pressure
compressor, (b) the rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space, (c) COP, (d)
The rate of heat removal and the COP if this refrigerator operated on a single stage
cycle between the same pressure limits with the same compressor efficiency and
the same flow rate as in part (a).
49
KJM 381
50