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Refinery
gases
Water gas
Carbureted gas
Refinery gases
Gases obtained during distillation,
cracking and other processing of
petroleum and its fractions which
contain paraffines(methane,
ethane,propane and butane),
olefins(ethylene,propene and
butane), H2 and H2S are called
refinery gases.
Cracking
Cracking,as the name suggests, is a
process in which large hydrocarbon
molecules are broken down into
smaller and more useful ones, for
example:
Crude Oil
Composition of refinery
gases
Propene + propane
Butene + butane
Ethylene + ethane
Methane
Hydrogen
Hydrogen sulphide
Calorific value, kcal/Nm3
(dry)
Specific gravity (air=1)
40-55%
Upto30%
8-12%
8-10%
6-8%
6-8%
20500
1.35
processes
Thermal
Catalytic
Visbreaking
Delayed coking
Flexicoking
Hydrotreating
Catalytic reforming
Catalytic cracking
Hydrocracking
Catalytic dewaxing
Alkylation/Polymerization
Isomerization
Visbreaking
Residuum
Coke
5-10
Catalytic Reforming
Catalytic
Light virgin
naphths
Aromatics,
gasolines
blendstocks
5-10
Alkylation
Alkylation
combines
low-molecular-weight
olefins (primarily a mixture of propylene and
butylene) with isobutene in the presence of a
catalyst, either sulfuric acid or hydrofluoric acid.
The product is called alkylate and is composed
of a mixture of high-octane, branched-chain
paraffinic hydrocarbons
Feed stock
Butane
unsaturated
gases
Gasoline
10-15
Catalytic Cracking
Main
Ethylene,
proplylene(for
prtrochemical)
15-20
Uses
C3
Water gas
Water
Coke at 900-1000C
Water gas
grate
air
steam
Cylindrica
l steel
vessel
Height 45m
Dia 2-3m
Steam usually 4
min
Air blow 1-2min
ash
Reactions
C+H2O=CO+H2,
This
H=+28kcal/kmol
reaction is endothermic.
C+2H2O
CO2+2H2
H=+19000kcal/kmol
To avoid this reaction used air
C+O2
CO2
97000kcal/kmol
2C+02
2CO
29000kcal/kmol
H=H=-
48-51%
CO
40-42%
CH4
0.1-0.55%
CO2
3-5%
N2
3-6%
AIR
2-2.5Nm3/Nm3 gas
Uses
Fuel
in furnaces
It is enriched C.V
Ammonia synthesis
Semi water gas(mixture of H2 &
N2)
Composition of
carburretted
CO2
5.6%
CmHn
7%
O2
0.4%
CO
30.5%
H2
37.0%
CH4
14%
N2
5.5%
GROSS C.V
4770 kcal/Nm3
AIR
4.27Nm3/Nm3 gas
Diagram
coke
superheater
air
oil
Waste heat
boiler
ash
dust
Flue gas
Carburetted
gas
Oil
Uses
Ingredient
of town gas
Substitute of coal gas to meet peak
loads of gas supply
REFERENCES
Some great websites are:
http://lorien.ncl.ac.uk/ming/distil/
distil0.htm
http://science.howstuffworks.com/
oil-refining.htm
Elements of fuels, furnaces &
refractories