UNSYMMETRICAL BENDING

Moment applied along principal axis

FR Fx ;

MR y M y;
MR Z

MZ;

If y and z are the principal axes. yz dA = 0

(The integral is called the product of inertia)

0 dA
A

0 z dA
A

0 y dA
A

UNSYMMETRICAL BENDING (cont.)

Moment arbitrarily applied

Mz y M yz

Iz
Iy

Alternatively, identify the orientation of the principal axes (of

which one is the neutral axis)
Iz
tan

tan
Orientation of neutral axis:
I
y

EXAMPLE
The rectangular cross section shown in Fig. 633a is subjected to a
bending moment of 12 kN.m. Determine the normal stress developed at
each corner of the section, and specify the orientation of the neutral axis.

EXAMPLE (cont.)
Solutions
The moment is resolved into its y and z components, where
My
Mz

4
12 9.60 kN m
5

3
12 7.20 kN m
5

The moments of inertia about the y and z axes are

1
0.4 0.2 3 0.2667 10 3 m 4
12
1
3
I z 0.2 0.4 1.067 10 3 m 4
12
Iy

EXAMPLE (cont.)
Solutions
For bending stress,

Mz y Mzz

Iz
Iy

7.210 0.2 9.610 0.1

4.95 MPa (Ans)

1.06710
0.266710
7.210 0.2 9.610 0.1

2.25 MPa (Ans)

1.06710
0.266710
7.210 0.2 9.610 0.1

4.95 MPa (Ans)

1.06710
0.266710

7.2 103 0.2 9.6 103 0.1

B

2.25 MPa (Ans)

1.067 10 3
0.2667 10 3

C
D
E

The resultant normal-stress distribution has been sketched

using these values, Fig. 633b.

EXAMPLE (cont.)
Solutions

The location z of the neutral axis (NA), Fig. 633b,

can be established by proportion.

2.25
4.95

z 0.0625 m
0.2 z
z

We can establish the orientation

of the NA using Eq. 619, which is used
to specify the angle that the axis makes
with the z or maximum principal axis.
tan

Iz
tan
Iy

1.067 10 3
tan
tan 53.1 79.4 (Ans)
3
0.2667 10

GENERAL CASE

GENERAL CASE

GENERAL CASE

SHEAR FORMULA

VQ

It
where Q ydA y ' A'
A'

SHEAR IN BEAMS
Rectangular cross section

Shear stress distribution is parabolic

6V
3
bh

max

h2
2

y
4

V
1.5
A

SHEAR IN BEAMS (cont)

Wide-flange beam

Shear-stress distribution is parabolic

but has a jump at the flange-to-web
junctions.

EXAMPLE 1
A steel wide-flange beam has the dimensions shown in Fig.
711a. If it is subjected to a shear of V = 80kN, plot the
shear-stress distribution acting over the beams crosssectional area.

EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions

The moment of inertia of the cross-sectional area about the neutral axis
is

1
0.015 0.23
I
12
1
0.3 0.023
2
12

0.3 0.02 0.11

2

155.6 10 6 m 4

For point B, tB = 0.3m, and A is the dark

shaded area shown in Fig. 711c

QB ' y ' A' 0.11 0.3 0.02 0.66 10 3 m 3

B'

VQB ' 80 103 0.66 10 3

1.13 MPa
6

It B '
155.6 10
0.3

EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions

For point B, tB = 0.015m, and QB = QB,

VQB
80 103 0.66 10 3

22.6 MPa
6
It B
155.6 10 0.015

For point C, tC = 0.015m, and A is

the dark shaded area in Fig. 711d.

Considering this area to be composed of two rectangles,

QC y ' A' 0.11 0.3 0.02 0.05 0.015 0.1 0.73510 3 m 3

Thus, C max

VQc
80 103 0.735 10 3

25.2 MPa
6
ItC
155.6 10 0.015

SHEAR FLOW IN BUILT-UP BEAM

Shear flow shear force per unit length along longitudinal

axis of a beam.

VQ
q
I

q = shear flow
V = internal resultant shear
I = moment of inertia of the entire cross-sectional area

SHEAR FLOW IN BUILT-UP BEAM (cont)

EXAMPLE 2
Nails having a total shear strength of 40 N are used in a beam
that can be constructed either as in Case I or as in Case II, Fig.
718. If the nails are spaced at 90 mm, determine the largest
vertical shear that can be supported in each case so that the
fasteners will not fail.

EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions

Since the cross section is the same in both cases, the moment of inertia
about the neutral axis is
I

1
30 503 2 1 10 403 205833 mm 4
12
12

Case I
For this design a single row of nails holds the top or bottom flange onto
the web.
For one of these flanges,
Q y 'A' 22.5 30 5 3375 mm 3
VQ
I
40 V 3375

90 205833
V 27.1 N (Ans)
q

EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
Case II
Here a single row of nails holds one of the side boards onto the web.
Thus,
Q y 'A' 22.510 5 1125 mm3
VQ
I
40 V 1125

90 205833
V 81.3 N (Ans)
q

SHEAR FLOW IN THIN-WALLED BEAM

Approximation: only the shear-flow component that acts

parallel to the walls of the member will be counted.

SHEAR FLOW IN THIN-WALLED BEAM (cont)

In horizontal flanges, flow varies linearly,

q

VQ V d / 2 b / 2 x t Vtd b

I
I
2I 2

In vertical web(s), flow varies parabolically,

VQ Vt db 1 d 2
2
q


y
I
I 2 2 4

EXAMPLE 3
The thin-walled box beam in Fig. 722a is subjected to a shear
of 10 kN. Determine the variation of the shear flow throughout
the cross section.

EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
Solutions

The moment of inertia is

1
210mm 70mm 2 50mm 10mm 35mm 2 1.797106 mm 4
12
For point B, the area A' 0 thus qB = 0.
I

Also,

QC y ' A' 35mm 50mm 10mm 17500 mm3

35mm
10mm 35mm 35mm 50mm 10mm 29750 mm3
2

QD y ' A' 2

For point C, since there are 2 points of attachment:

The shear flow at D, because there are 2 points of

attachment :

1 VQc 1 10kN 17500 mm3

0.0487 kN / mm 48.7 kN / m
qc

6
4
2 I 2 1.79710 mm

1 VQD 1 10kN 29750 mm 3

qD
0.0828 kN / mm 82.8 kN / m

2 I 2 1.797106 mm 4

SHEAR CENTRE

Shear center is the point through which a force can be

applied which will cause a beam to bend and yet not twist.

The location of the shear center is only a function of

geometry of the cross section and does not depend upon
the applied load.

Ff d
P

SHEAR CENTRE (cont)

M A Ff d Pe

Ff d
P

EXAMPLE 4
Determine the location of the shear center for the thin-walled
channel section having the dimensions shown in Fig. 725a.

EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
Solutions

The cross-sectional area can be divided into three component rectangles

a web and two flanges.
1 3 h th 2 h

I th 2 bt
b
12
2 6

2
2

q at the arbitrary position x is

q

VQ
V h / 2 b x t
V b x
2

I
th / 2 h / 6 b h h / 6 b

Hence, the force is

b
V
Vb 2
F f qdx
b x dx
h h / 6 b 0
2h h / 6 b
0
b

EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
Solutions

Summing moments about point A, Fig. 725c, we require

Vb 2 h
Ve F f h
2h h / 6 b
b2
e
h / 3 2b

(Ans)

As stated previously, e depends only on the geometry of the cross

section.