m

a
a
l
Assa
d
o
o
G

.
.
m
u
k
i
a
l
u a
,

n
o
o
n
r
e
t
f
a

Pontianak, October 13th

FORMULATING
HYPOTHESIS

GROUP 1 :

DEVI P.I.S
HELEN .N. H
HENI FITRIANI

cifc
e
p
s
a
It
s
i
d
s
i
n
s
a
e
io n
o th
t
p
c
i
y
d
h
e
er
r
e
h
p
h
t
f
T
a
o
r
.
(
1
te
e nt
e
r
you
m
c
t
e
t
n
a
a
o
h
t
c
s
in
sw
s
m
y.
r
e
d
e
b
i
t
u
r
t
)
c
l
s
s
a
r
de
tic
ou b/hypoth
e
y
r
o
n
i
e
th
en ods.net/k
p
p
a
t h an
h
ill searchmeth
w
t
c
expe/www.socialre
http:/
t
n
p
e
h
p
m
.
s
e
at e
t
s
n
e
e
h
h
t
w
s
i
s is
her
c
e
r
h
a
t
e
o
s
p
2. Hy ted by a re pon the
u
e
t
r
crea
a
o
l
u
h
c
c
e
r
a
p
they s e of a rese
h
hesis.
t
o
m
p
o
y
h-h
o utc
.
searc
t
e
r
/
n
m
ime -resources.co
r
e
p
x
e
ent
xperim
/w
http:/
tml

ww.e

3. A hypothesis (in Greek 'hipothesis',

meaning 'foundation' or 'basis') is a
particular kind of conjecture that clearly
formulates a suggestion about the
solution to a certain problem.
www.wikipedia.com

4. Hypothesis is an idea or explanation of

something that is based on a few known
facts but that has been not yet been
proved to be a true or correct. (Oxford
Advanced Learners Dictionary)

5. Hypothesis is a statement in
quantitative research in which the
investigator makes a prediction or a
conjecture.
Creswell, John. W. Educational Research, New Jersey, Upper
Saddle River: Pearson Merrill Prentice-Hall. Third Edition

6. According to Gay (1996, page 61), a

hypothesis is a tentative explanation
for certain behaviors, phenomena, or
events that have occurred or will occur.
7. The hypothesis is a tentative answer
to a question. It is a hunch, or an
educated guess to be subjected to the
process of verifcation or
disconfrmation.
Best, John. B. Research in Education. New Jersey,
Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, INC. Third Edition

Conclusion:
Hypothesis is a preliminary or tentative
explanation or postulate by the
researcher of what the researcher
considers the outcome of an
investigation will be. It is the most
specifc way in which an answer to a
problem can be stated and it indicates
the expectations of the researcher
regarding certain variables.

WHEN IS THE HYPOTHESIS

FORMULATED?

The hypothesis is
formulated after the
problem has been stated
and the literature study
has been concluded. It is
formulated when the
researcher is totally aware
of the theoretical and
empirical background to
the problem.

THE PURPOSE AND FUNCTION OF

AN HYPOTHESIS
It offers explanations for the relationships
between those variables that can be
empirically tested.
It furnishes proof that the researcher has
sufficient background knowledge to enable
him/her to make suggestions in order to
extend existing knowledge.
It gives direction to an investigation.
It structures the next phase in the
investigation and therefore furnishes
continuity to the examination of the

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD
HYPOTHESIS
A good hypothesis states as clearly and
concisely as possible the expected
relationship (or difference) between two
variables and defnes those variables in
operational, measurable terms." (Gay 1996,
page 62).
Hypothesis should be testable and reasonable
Hypothesis should be limited in scope.
Hypothesis should not be inconsistent with
most known facts.

TYPES OF
HYPOTHESIS

There are two

types
of hypothesis:

The Null
hypothesis(H0)

The Alternative
hypothesis (H1 or HA)

The Null Hypothesis

It makes prediction that of all
possible people whom
researchers might study called
the general population.
There is no relationship between
independent and dependent
variable or no difference between
groups of an independent
variable or a dependent variable.

The Alternative
Hypothesis
You will use an alternative
hypothesis if you think there
will be a different based on
results from past research
on an explanation or theory
reported in the literature.

The basic characteristics of these two forms

are shown in this table:
Type of
hypothesis
Purpose

Specific language
found in the
hypothesis

Null hypothesis
To test in the general
population that there is no
change, no relationship, no
difference between
comparison group among
tested variables .
There is no difference (or
relationship) between
independent and dependent
variables.

Alternative hypothesis
The hypothesis that may be true
if the null is rejected; it suggests
a change, a relationship or a
difference. The alternative
hypothesis predicts either a
simple difference or a difference
in a particular direction.
Magnitude statements such as
higher, lower, more positive,
more favorable.

Example of Null Hypothesis :

There is no difference between varsity
athletes in high school who smoke and those
who dont smoke in terms of athletic
accomplishments.
1.Independent variable: use of tobacco
(smokers and non-smokers)
2.Dependent variable: athletic accomplishments
3.Participants: varsity athletes
4.Site: high schools
5.Form and language: null indicating no
difference

Directional alternative
hypothesis
The researcher predicts the direction of
a change, a difference, or a relationship
for variables in the total population of
people.
A researcher selects a sample of
people from a population and predicts
that the scores will be higher, better, or
change in some way.

Example of Directional alternative

hypothesis:
Students who participate in direct learning in
four elementary schools will have higher
achievement scores than students who
participate in whole language learning.
1.Independent variable: learning ( direct and
whole language)
2.Dependent variable: achievement test scores
3.Participants: third grade students
4.Site: four elementary schools
5.Key indicator: directional, a prediction is
implied

Non directional alternative

hypothesis
The researcher predicts
the direction of a change,
a difference, or a
relationship for variables
in a population but doesn't
indicate whether the
direction of this prediction
will be positive or

 Example of Non - directional

alternative hypothesis
There is a difference between varsity athletes
in high school who smoke and those who dont
smoke in terms of athletic accomplishments.
1.Independent variable: use of tobacco (smokers
and non-smokers)
2.Dependent variable: athletic accomplishments
3.Participants: varsity athletes
4.Site: high schools
5.Key indicator: the word a difference but the
direction is not specifed.

HOW DO WE FORMULATE
HYPOTHESIS ?

1.The formulation of hypothesis follows

logically from the review of literature on
the problem.
2. Make the hyphotesis in a statement.
Most commonly, hypotheses take three
formats:
a question, "Does smoking cause lung
cancer?"
a conditional statement "Smoking may
cause lung cancer."
an If, then statement, "If smoking causes
lung cancer, then individuals who smoke
have a higher frequency of developing the
disease."

3. Double-check that your

hypothesis contains variables.
For an experiment to be valid,
it must contain at least two
variables.
4. Verify that your hypothesis
includes a subject group. A
subject group defines who or
what the researcher is
studying.

5. Include a treatment or
exposure in the experiment.
A treatment is literally what
is being done to the subject
group.
6. Prepare for an outcome
measure, which is a
measurement concerned with
how the treatment is going
to be assessed.

7. Understand your
control group. The
control group is a group
similar to the subject
group, but this group
does not receive the
treatment. It is a
population that the
subject group is

The last step is ....

Make a prediction about
changes you expect in
your groups, such as less
or more favorable or no
changes (e.g., no
difference). You will then
test this prediction using
statistical procedures.

8.

S
S
WA

M
A
L
A