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Features
Preview (cont.)
Target
Outline
Noise models
Source of noise
Fourier spectrum
Ex. white noise (a constant Fourier spectrum)
Gaussian noise
p( z )
( z ) / 2
mean
Note:
p( z )dz 1
variance
Uniform noise
if a z b
p( z ) b a
0
otherwise
ab
Mean:
2
2
(
b
a
)
2
Variance:
12
Uniform PDF
Impulse (salt-and-pepper)
nosie
Pa for z a
p ( z ) Pb for z b
0 otherwise
Impulse (salt-and-pepper)
nosie PDF
Periodic noise
Sinusoidal noise:
Complex conjugat
pair in frequency
domain
Estimation of noise
parameters
Periodic noise
Gaussian
uniform
zi p ( zi )
zi S
2 ( zi ) 2 p ( zi )
zi S
Gaussian:
Uniform: a, b
Outline
g(x,y)=f(x,y)+(x,y)
G(u,v)=F(u,v)+N(u,v)
Mean filters
Arithmetic mean
f ( x, y ) 1
g ( s, t )
mn ( s ,t )S xy
Geometric mean
f ( x, y )
1 / mn
g ( s, t )
( s ,t )S xy
original
Noisy
Gaussian
Arith.
mean
Geometri
mean
f ( x, y )
( s ,t )S xy
1
g ( s, t )
Q 1
g
(
s
,
t
)
( s ,t )S xy
g ( s, t )
( s ,t )S xy
Q=-1, harmonic
Q=0, airth. mean
Q=+, ?
Order-statistics filters
Median filters
Max/min filters
Midpoint filters
Alpha-trimmed mean filters
Order-statistics filters
Median filter
f ( x, y ) median{g ( s, t )}
( s ,t )S xy
Max/min filters
f ( x, y ) max {g ( s, t )}
( s ,t )S xy
f ( x, y ) min {g ( s, t )}
( s ,t )S xy
Order-statistics filters
(cont.)
Midpoint filter
f ( x, y ) 1 max {g ( s, t )} min {g ( s, t )}
( s ,t )S xy
2 ( s ,t )S xy
f ( x, y )
1
mn d
g ( s, t )
( s ,t )S xy
Adaptive filters
Analysis: we want to do
Formula
f ( x, y ) g ( x, y )
2
L
g ( x, y ) mL
Bandreject filters
Bandpass filters
Notch filters
Optimum notch filtering
Bandpass filters
Hbp(u,v)=1- Hbr(u,v)
1 G (u, v) H bp (u, v)
Notch filters
Butterworth
Gaussian