MOTORS

Principle of operation
Classification
Constructional features
Terminology
Protections
Maintenance

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
Based on fundamental principles of
electromagnetic energy.
Guiding principle:
Faradays Law of electromagnetic induction

 Forms the basis for the conversion of

Mechanical Energy into Electrical Energy and
vice versa.
Inter-links electrical, magnetic and mechanical
forces.
This can be presented in two forms which are
applicable to the operation of Generators /
Motors .

MOTOR PRINCIPLE

When a current carrying conductor placed in a

magnetic field it experiences a torque.

Classification of Motors
(by nature of Supply)
B y n a tu r e
of
S u p p ly

D C
M o to r s
SH U N T

S E R IE S

AC
M o to r s
C om pound

S yn ch ro nous

A syn ch ro nous
(IN D U C T IO N )

S lip
R in g

S q u ir r e l
C age

Classification of Motors by Their

Enclosure
1. Drip Proof
2. Weather Proof
a). TEFC
b). TENV

3. Explosion Proof
4. Pressurized

Classification of Motors by Speed

Constant speed
Dual Speed
Variable speed
Unidirectional
Bi-directional

MOTOR CONSTRUCTION

Major Parts

Laminated Stator core.

Stator Winding.
Laminated Rotor.
End Rings / Slip Rings.
Bearings / Bearing Covers.
End Shields.
Terminal Box.

SALIENT FEATURES
Stator frame and end shields are of cast
iron / aluminum.
Cast feet of the motors
Castings are machined to close tolerances
on multi stage transfer line machines.
High quality magnetic steel laminations for
the cores.
Shafts are made of carbon steel.

STATOR CORE
LAMINATION

WINDING
Synthetic enameled copper wire coils.
Placed in slots over insulation.
Winding impregnation: Synthetic resin
varnish over the winding which
avoids ingress of moisture
avoids entry of acidic / alkaline fumes
avoids entry of grease and oil.
gives rigidity to withstand higher vibrations.
gives protection against tracking.

STATOR COILS

STATOR ELECTROMAGNET

ROTOR LAMINATION
Conductor
Slots

ROTOR CONSTRUCTION

Typical Name Plate Details of

Motors

kW/HP
Voltage / Frequency
Full Load Current
Connection(Star or Delta)
Frame Size
Power Factor
Insulation Class:
Index of protection

INSULATION CLASS
INSULATION
CLASS

COMMON MATERIALS

Max.Temp.
Limit

Cotton,silk,paper,
wood, fiber etc

90

CLASS Y impregnated
with natural resins,
insulating oils etc.
(varnished paper etc.)

105

INSULATION CLASS
INSULATION COMMON MATERIALS
CLASS

Synthetic resin enamels.

etc.
Mica,glass fiber,asbestos
etc.with suitable bonding
substances

Max.Temp.
Limit

120

130

INSULATION CLASS
INSULATION
CLASS

COMMON MATERIALS

Max.Temp.
Limit

CLASS B with more

thermally resistant
bonding materials.

150

CLASS B with
appropriate silicone
resins.

180

Mica,glass,ceramics,quartz.

Above 180

Index of Protection
Numeral Vs Characteristic
First - Solid particles
Second - Liquid
1 Against 50 mm dia 1 Vertical drops
2 12 mm dia

2 15 degrees

3 2.5 mm dia

3 60 degrees

4 1 mm dia particles

4 All directions

5 Fine Dust

5 Light jet of water

6 Completely protected 6 Heavy jet of water

against dust
7 Against immersion
8 Prolonged immersion

The speed difference between synchronous speed

and motor speed is called the Slip.
The Slip can be expressed as:
S = (s - a) / s
s= 120*f / p
where
S = slip
s = synchronous speed of magnetic field (rev/min,
rpm)
a = shaft rotating speed (rev/min, rpm)
Full-load slip varies from less than 1 % in high hp
motors to more than 5-6 % minor hp motors
f= Frequency
p= No. of Poles

Types of Motor Losses

Copper / I2R Losses
Iron Losses
Eddy Current Losses
Hysterisis Losses
Rotational Losses
Windage Losses
Frictional Losses

Torque Speed Characteristics of Motor

Classification Based on Rotor

Construction

NEMA Class A, B, C & D

Normal Features
Over speed - generally can withstand
120 % continuously.
Momentary overload - up to 160 % at
rated voltage.

Various Protections

Thermal Overload
Overcurrent
Earth Fault
Under Voltage
Stalling
No.of Start (Hot Start -2 & Cold Start -3)

Failure Analysis
Insulation

15
10
60%

15

Rotor bar failure

Rubbing of Rotor &
Stator
Other causes

Insulation Failure
Breakdown of insulation due to
contamination
Overvoltage
Failure due to end winding movement
Overloading
Frequent starting / stopping

Rotor Bar Failure

High speed motors
Motors subjected to high vibrations

Rubbing of Rotor Against Stator

Air gap eccentricity

Weak shaft
Excessive shaft deflection
Bearing movement / wear out
Coupling misalignment

Other Causes

Termination failure
Badly soldered / brazed joints
Blocking of ventilation systems
Deteriorating environmental conditions

Various Diagnostic Checks

On-line:
Temperature monitoring - winding & bearing
Voltage / Current monitoring
Ventilation
Vibration
Noise
Partial discharge tests

Various diagnostic checks

Off-line:
Insulation Resistance
Winding resistance / inductance
Surge comparison
Dielectric loss angle measurement