THREE PHASE FAULT

ANALYSIS WITH AUTO

RESET ON TEMPORARY
FAULT AND PERMANENT
TRIP OTHERWISE
Submitted by:

Contents

Project overview
Block diagram
Transmission Line faults
Comparator
555 timer
Relay
Schematic & Working of the project
Advantages
Applications
Future scope
Conclusion

Project overview
Three single phase transformers are wired in star input
and star output having input 220 volt and output at 12 volt.
The contact relays which are used energized from the
output of comparators in the event of fault conditions by
tracking the input voltage conditions for each phase at the
input of the comparators.
Two 555 timers are used, one in monostable and the
other in astable mode to drive a power relay that handles
the load.
A Set of switches are used to introduce LL fault, LG fault ,
3L short to get the comparator output to drive both the
relays to disconnect the load.
Short duration fault returns the load immediately while
long duration shall result in permanent trip.

Block diagram

Transmission line Faults

Fault types include:

Single line to ground(LG)

Line to line(LL)
Double line to ground(LLG)
Three phase balanced

Comparator

op amps & comparators look very similar

But a comparator gives a logic output
indicating the relative potentials on its two
inputs
An op amp amplifies the differential
voltage between its two inputs and is
designed always to be used in closed-loop
applications

Contd..
Potential dividers are connected to the
inverting and non inverting inputs of the opamp to give some voltage at these terminals.
Supply voltage is given to +V and V is
connected to ground.
The output of this comparator will be logic high
(i.e., supply voltage) if the non-inverting
terminal input is greater than the inverting
terminal input of the comparator.
If the inverting terminal input is greater than the
non-inverting terminal input then the output of
the comparator will be logic low (i.e., gnd).

555 Timer
The 555 Timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip)
implementing a variety of timer and multivibrator
applications.
The original name was the SE555 (metal can)/NE555
(plastic DIP) and the part was described as "The IC Time
Machine".
Depending on the manufacturer, the standard 555 package
includes over 20 transistors, 2 diodes and 15 resistors on a
silicon chip installed in an 8-pin mini dual-in-line package
(DIP-8)

PIN DIAGRAM OF 555

The 555 timer IC is a simple 8 pin DIL
package IC.
It can:
be used as a monostable
be used as an astable
source or sink 100mA
use supply voltages of 5v to 15v
disrupt the power supply - use a
decoupling capacitor!

Relay

A relay is an electrically operated switch.

Current flowing through the coil of the relay
creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever
and changes the switch contacts.
The coil current can be on or off so relays
have two switch positions and have double
throw (changeover) switch contacts as
shown in the diagram.

Contd..
Relays allow one circuit to switch a second
circuit which can be completely separate
from the first.
For example a low voltage battery circuit
can use a relay to switch a 230V AC mains
circuit.
There is no electrical connection inside the
relay between the two circuits, the link is
magnetic and mechanical.
To drive relay through MC ULN2003 relay
driver IC is used

Contd..

Working of project
In this project two 555 timers are used 1 in
monostable mode and other in astable
mode.
When any push button is pressed for a
short time the load is disconnected only
for that period indicating a temporary fault.
If the push button is pressed for longer
time then the astable timer s activated and
it causes a permanent fault and
disconnects the load permanently.