Smart

Grids
Problems
&
Solutions
Walid Issa
Exeter University

Electrical Grid

Electrical Grid
- Dependencyonahighcapacityfossilfuel
generators
- Increasingcarbonemissions
- Gettingalargeamountofpowerinone
place
- Usingalongtransmissionlinestodeliver
power
- Noteconomic
- Haslowreliabilityagainstsuddenfaults
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Microgrid

Microgrid
-

Integraterenewableresources
Controltheflowofpower
ReduceCarboneemissions
Reducelosses
Reliableagainstsuddenfaults

- Customerisapartofthegrid
5

GRID

MicroGRID

Microgrid Modes
PointofCommonCoupling(PCC)

GRID
SWITCH
Microgrid

Grid-Connected
mode

Island
mode

Interfacing
AC

DC

Battery
Sources
Grid

INVERTER
Loads

Inverter

DC

AC

10

Inverters Topologies
UsesDCBoostto
stepuptheDC
voltage

Usestransformer
tostepuptheDC
voltage

Usestransformer
tostepuptheAC
voltage

UsesmanyPVto
stepuptheDC
voltage

11

Inverter
1mH

2000F

LEM
Sensors

50F

DSPControllers
TMS320F28XX
12

Electric Vehicle

13

Active & Reactive

Power Measurement

90cycleT

14

Sine wave
PWM Generation

15

Microgrid Literature
1- Voltage and Current Regulation
Goals:
Low Distortion
No Resonance
Regulated Voltage
Smooth Step Response
Proposed Solutions:
PI, PID Controllers
P+Resonant Controllers
Adaptive Controllers
Repetitive Controllers

16

Microgrid Literature
2- Power Sharing
Goals:
Adequate Power sharing
Accurate Power control
Without Communication if possible
Smooth Step Response
Proposed Solutions:
Master Slave Controllers
Current Chain Scheme
Droop Control

17

Microgrid Literature
3- Power Sharing (Droop Control)
Goals:
Accurate Reactive Power control
Small Frequency and voltage
deviations
Harmonics Sharing
Smooth Step Response
Proposed Solutions:
PID Control
Angle droop controller
External supplementary loops

18

Microgrid Literature
4- Islanding Detection
Goals:
Detect the grid absence within 2 sec
Proposed Solutions:
Passive Methods
Voltage, Frequency, phase
deviations
Active Methods
Positive Feedback, harmonic
injection,
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Microgrid Literature
5- Power Management and Central Control
Goals:
A manager should decide the power
for each inverter
Mode Controlling
Proposed Solutions:
Hierarchical Control
Primary Control
Secondary Control
Tertiary Control
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Research Goals
- Not concerned about energy sources
- Not concerned about sources
fluctuations
BUT .. .. .
Paralleling Inverters operation in
Island Mode
Circulationcurrents
Powersharinginislandmode
SmoothTransition
Microgridstability

21

Parallel Inverters
Stable&Fixed

Stable&Fixed

22

Methodology
- Microgrid Modeling
- Proposing a controller
- MATLAB/SIMULINK
- Practical implementation

23

So Far

IGBT
Block

Output
Filter
24

VoltageSensor

CurrentSensors

25

IGBTsand
Filters
Voltageand
current
sensors
Power
supply
Interfacing
and
switching
boards
26

Interfacingand
monitoring
platform

Loads

dSpace
Control
unit
27

Reactive
inductive
load

Active
resistive
load

28

InterfacingPlatform

29

Results

30
20

OutputVoltage
ofboth
inverters
THD=1.8%

10
0
-10
-20
-30

40

36.32

36.33

36.35

36.36

36.37

Inverter1
Reactivepower

30

First
controlle
r

20

Reactive Power

Reactive
Power
sharing

36.34

Second
controlle
r

10

Inverter2
Reactivepower

-10

-20
10

15

20

25

30

35

40

30

20

Inverter 1

15

Active Power
sharing

Active Power

10
5
0
-5
-10

Inverter 2

-15
-20
40

45

50

110
100

50
40
30

65

70

Controller is
enabled

80

60

60

Inverter 2

90

70

55
Time

Inverter 1

DC link
voltage
response

31

Keywords
- Droop control
- Voltage & Current controllers
- Reactive power sharing in island
mode
- Islanding Detection
- Supervisory Control
- MPPT for solar inverters
32

Projects Ideas
- Sine wave PWM Generator
- Inverter Voltage controller
- Power Measurement
- MPPT for solar inverters
- Buck-Boost converter
- Synchronization (Zero crossing
detection - PLL)
- Droop Control for parallel
inverters
- Smart Charger based on Droop

33

Useful Docs and REfs

Papers
MatlabFiles

34

35

Thank You

https://www.facebook.com/pages/WalidIssa/274572119317029
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