NEUROPHYSIOLOGY

Autonomic Nervous System

S DJONI HUSODO

SDJONIH

I. Divisions
A. Sympathetic
fight or flight response
B. Parasympathetic
rest and digestion
II. Involuntary Motor System
A. Autonomic vs. Somatic motor systems
1. Somatic
voluntary
direct synapse
excitatory

2. Autonomic
involuntary
disynaptic (preganglion, postganglion)
Excitatory and inhibitory
III General nerve pathways
A. Sympathetic
Preganglion cell body gray matter
axons move through ventral root of spinal nerve
synapse w/ postganglion at sympathetic chain ganglion

 axons of postganglions exit via

Spinal nerve
Sympathetic nerve
Exceptions: some pre do not synapse at symp chain
Splanchnic nerve
axons of preganglion exit Splanchnic nerve and
synapse at collateral ganglion
Adrenal gland
preganglion synapses directly w/adrenal

B. Parasympathetic
cell bodies of preganglion brainstem (nuclei)
and sacral region of spinal cord
axons move through cranial nerves
and through spinal nerves
synapse w/ postganglion at ganglia near or in the target
IV. Signal transmission
A. Sympathetic
Preganglion secretes Acetylcholine (Cholinergic)
Postganglion receptor = Nicotinic
Postganglion secretes Norepinephrine (Adrenergic)

B. Parasympathetic
Preganglion secretes Acetylcholine (Cholinergic)
Postganglion receptor = nicotinic
Postganglion secretes Acetylcholine
Target (Smooth muscle, heart, glands)
receptor = muscarinic
V. ANS generalized
A. Regulated

B. Excitatory and inhibitory

depends on the target organ
C. Opposite effects
VI. Autonomic control
A. Cardiovascular function
Sympathetic: Norepinephrine Increases cardiac muscle contractions
Increases blood pressure
Parasympathetic: Acetylcholine
Decrease in cardiac output due to decrease in
calcium influx

B. Pupillary light reflex

1. Parasympathetic
constricts pupil
2. Sympathetic
Dilates pupil
C. Salivary glands
1. Sympathetic
viscous secretion/ vasoconstriction of blood vessels
2. Parasympathetic
watery secretion/ vasodilation of blood vessels

 Target (smooth muscle, cardiac, glands)

Receptor = Adrenergic (,)
Sweat Glands
Preganglion secretes Acetylcholine
Postganglion nicotinic receptor
Postganglion secretes Acetylcholine
Sweat gland muscarinic receptor

The parasympathetic division consists of a sacral and cranial

part.
In the cranium the PSN originate from cranial nerves
CN III (oculomotor nerve)
CN VII (facial nerve)
CN IX (glossopharyngeal nerve)
CN X (vagus nerve).
In the sacral region of the body the PSN is derived from spinal
nerves S2, S3 and S4, commonly referred to as the pelvic
splanchnics.

Figure 11-11: Summary of efferent pathways

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic
brainstem
cranial
nerves

thoracic

lumbar
sacral

rd

G-Protein Coupled Receptors

Rockman et al., (2002) Nature 415:206-212

Phospholipase C, Inositol Trisphosphate (IP3),

Ca2+ and Diacylglycerol, Protein Kinase C (PKC)
Ca++
A

PLC

Gq

DAG

PKC

PIP2

Protein

IP3
Ca++
PLC phospholipase C
PIP2 phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate
IP3 inositol trisphosphate

Protein-P

Endoplasmic Reticulum

DAG diacylglycerol
PKC protein kinase C

Two or Three Subdivisions of the Nervous System

Innervates

Neurotransmitter

Receptors

Voluntary

Autonomic

skeletal muscle

smooth muscle
cardiac muscle
secretory glands

intestine
controls intestinal
motility
secretion
absorption

ACh

norepinephrine
ACh
neuropeptides

norepinephrine
ACh
serotonin
neuropeptides

nicotinic muscle
AChR

adrenergic GPCRs
muscarinic ACh GPCRs
nicotinic neuronal AChR

Enteric

GPCRs

Subdivisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

Sympathetic

Primary
Neurotransmitter
Receptors
&
Second
Messenger
Systems

norepinephrine
epinephrine (~20%)
Adrenergic GPCRs
1 IP3/DAG, [Ca2+]i PKC
2 - cAMP/PKA
1 - cAMP/PKA
2 - cAMP/PKA
3 - cAMP/PKA
Adrenal Medulla
(epi:norepi::80:20)

Parasympathetic

acetylcholine
Muscarinic GPCRs
M1 IP3/DAG, [Ca2+]i PKC
M2 cAMP/PKA, PI(3)K
M3 cAMP/PKA,
IP3/DAG, [Ca2+]i PKC
M4
M5 IP3/DAG, [Ca2+]i PKC

Agonist
Selected action
potency order
of agonist

1:

2:

Norepinephrin Smooth muscle

e
contraction
> epinephrine glycogenolysis
>>
gluconeogenesis,
isoprenaline

Mechanism
Gq: phospholipase
C (PLC) activated,
IP3 and calcium up

Smooth muscle
Epinephrine
constriction and Gi: adenylate
norepinephrine neurotransmitter
cyclase inactivated,
>>
inhibition
cAMP down
inhibition
of
insulin.
isoprenaline
induction of glucagon

Isoprenaline >
epinephrine =
norepinephrine

Heart muscle
Gs: adenylate cyclase
contraction
Renin release
activated, cAMP up

Isoprenaline >
epinephrine >>
norepinephrine

Smooth musc
Gs: adenylate cyclase
le
activated, cAMP up
relaxation
Lipolysis
(also Gi, see 2)

Lipolysis

Anabolism in
skeletal muscle

Isoprenaline =
Enhance
norepinephrine >
lipolysis
epinephrine

Gs: adenylate cyclase

activated, cAMP up

1. The M1 muscarinic receptors (CHRM1) are located in the

neural system.
2. The M2 muscarinic receptors (CHRM2) are located in the
heart
3. The M3 muscarinic receptors (CHRM3) , the smooth muscles
of the blood, lungs causing bronchoconstriction, smooth
muscles of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), which help in
increasing intestinal motility and dilating sphincters. The M3
receptors are also located in many glands that help to
stimulate secretion in salivary glands
4. The M4 muscarinic receptors: Postganglionic cholinergic
nerves, possible CNS effects
5. The M5 muscarinic receptors: Possible effects on the CNS

Dopamine receptor
1. D1-like family receptors is coupled to the G protein Gs
activates adenylyl cyclase,increasing cAMP.
The D1 and D5 receptors are members of the D1-like family

2. D2-like family receptors is coupled to the G protein Gi, inhibiting

adenylate cyclase inhibits the formation of Camp
D2, D3 and D4 receptors are members of the D2-like family

5-HT receptor
Family

Type

Mechanism

Potential

5-HT1

Gi/Go-protein
coupled.

Decreasing
cellular levels Inhibitory
of cAMP.

5-HT2

Gq/G11-protein
coupled.

Increasing
cellular levels
Excitatory
of IP3 and
DAG.

5-HT3

Ligand-gated Na+ Depolarizing

and K+ cation
plasma memb Excitatory
channel.
rane
.

5-HT4

Gs-protein
coupled.

Increasing cellular
Excitatory
levels of cAMP.

5-HT5

Gi/Go-protein
coupled.[4]

Decreasing cellular
Inhibitory
levels of cAMP.

5-HT6

Gs-protein
coupled.

Increasing cellular
Excitatory
levels of cAMP.

5-HT7

Gs-protein
coupled.

Increasing cellular
Excitatory
levels of cAMP.

GABA receptor

GABAA receptors are ligand-gated ion channels

GABA molecules to their binding sites in the extracellular part
of receptor triggers opening of a chloride ion-selective
poreinhibiting the firing of new action potentials.
GABAB receptors are G protein-coupled receptors
A slow response to GABA is mediated by GABAB receptors
not dependent on Cl