HTML

HTML
HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup
Language
HTML is not a programming language, it is a
markup language
A markup language is a set of markup tags
HTML uses markup tags to describe web
pages
Tags, Attributes, and Elements

The basic structure of an HTML document includes
tags, which surround content and apply meaning to

it.
HTML tags are keywords surrounded by angle
brackets like <html>
HTML tags normally come in pairs like <h1> and
</h1>
The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag
is the end tag
Start and end tags are also called opening tags and
closing tags
Tags
<html>
<head>
<title>web technology</title>
</head>
<body>
Welcome to my web page
</body>
</html>

Attributes
Tags can also have attributes, which are extra bits of
information. Attributes appear inside the opening tag and their

their value is always inside quotation marks .
They look something like <tag attribute="value">text</tag>.
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body bgcolor="yellow" text="red">
Formatting my web page
<font face="comic sans MS" color="blue" size="4"><b>changing
the font</b></font>
</body>
</html>

Elements
Tags tend not to do much more than mark the
beginning and end of an element.

Elements are the bits that make up web
pages.
You would say, for example, that everything
that is in-between and includes the <body>
and </body> tags is the body element.
Example <title>Rumple Stiltskin</title>' is a
title element.
<html> Element...</html>
<html> begins and ends each and every web
page.
Its sole purpose is to encapsulate all the
HTML code and describe the HTML
document to the web browser.
One should close our HTML documents with
the corresponding </html> tag at the bottom
of the document.
Paragraphs
If we want text to appear on different lines, we
need to explicitly state that.

The p tag is for paragraph.
<p>This is my first web page</p> <p>How
exciting</p>
Emphasis
You can emphasise text in a paragraph using em
(emphasis) and strong (strong emphasis).

These are two ways of doing pretty much the same
thing,
although traditionally, browsers display em in italics
and strong in bold.
Line breaks
The line-break tag can also be used to
separate lines .
If we want more than one line breaks instead
of the paragraph tag we should use the line
break tag.
Example: <br><br>break tag can give more
than one line break while paragraph tag can
provide only one
Headings
If we have documents with genuine
headings,
then there are HTML tags specifically
designed just for them.
They are h1, h2, h3, h4, h5 and h6,
Headings example
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Introduction</h1>
<h2>HTML</h2 >
<h3>DHTML</h3>
<h4>XHTML</h4>
</h5>VBscript</h5>
<h6>JavaScript</h6>
<h7>ASP</h7>
</body>
</html>
Drawing Lines
The tag <hr> draws lines and horizontal rules.
The attributes of <hr> tag are: Align :Aligns line on the browser screen which is by
default aligned to the center.

Align=left :will align the line to the left of screen
Align=right :will align the line to the right of screen
Align= center :will align the line to the center of
screen
Size:Changes the size of the rule.
Width:Sets the width of the rule to a percentage of
available screen width.
Text Styles
Bold:-Displays text in bold face style.The tags
used are <b></b>

Italics:-Displays text in italics.The tags used
are between <I></I>
Underline:-Displays text as underlined.The
tags used are between <U>.</U>
Example:<B><I><U>Welcome to our home
page </U></I></B>
Text Effects
Font tag:-All text specified within the tags <font> and
</font> will appear in the font ,size and color as

specified as the attributes of the tag <font>.
Attributes
Face:Sets the font to the specified font name.
Size:Sets the size of the text.(range 1 to 7)
Color:Sets the color of the text
Example: <font face=comic sans MS size=6
color=red>Welcome to our home page</font>
Lists
There are three types of list;
unordered lists
ordered lists
definition lists.
Unordered Lists
An unordered list or bulleted list starts with
the tag <UL> and </UL>

Each list item starts with the tag <LI>
The attributes with the tag<UL> are: Type=fillround
Type=square
Example UL list
<ul type=fillround>types of memories</ul>
<li>floppy
<li>hard disk
<li>CDROM
</ul>
Ordered lists
Ordered lists or lists with numbering starts
with <OL> and ends with </OL>

Attributes
Type=1:will give counting numbers(1,2)
Type=A will give uppercase letters(A,B,C.)
Type=a will give lowercase letters(a,b,c.)
Type=I:will give uppercase roman numerals
Type=I:will give lowercase roman numerals
Definition list
The <dl> tag defines a description list.
The <dl> tag is used in conjunction with <dt>
(definition term) and <dd> (definition

description)
<dl>
<dt>Coffee</dt>
<dd>Black hot drink</dd>
<dt>Milk</dt>
<dd>White cold drink</dd>
</dl>
Div
The <div> tag acts as a container for the
other tags.
The div element can contain any type of
HTML tags.
They structure the HTML document using
unique divisions that can be identified with
unique ids.
Example
<html>
<head>
<title>Delta engineering company</title>
<h1 align =center>Delta Engineering company pvt ltd</h1>
</head>
<body bgcolor="yellow" >
<hr align=left width=100% size=5 color=violet>
<div>
<p>
IDENTIFY METRICS CUSTOMERS
</p>
<p>
Functional Management: Interested in applying greater control to the software
development process, reducing risk and maximizing return on investment.
</p>
</div></body></html>
Span
The HTML <span> element is a generic
inline container for structuring content.

It can be used to group elements for styling
purposes (using the class or id attributes),
<span> is very much like a <div> element,
but <div> is a block-level element whereas
a <span> is an inline element.
<html>
<head>
</head>
<div>
<p>
IDENTIFY METRICS CUSTOMERS
</p>
<p>
Functional Management:
</p></div>
<div>Interested in applying greater control to the<span> software development
process</span>, reducing risk and <span>maximizing return on
investment.</span></div></body></html>
Div Tag
Span Tag
Block level element

It creates a line break.
Inline element
It does not create a visual
A <div> tag can contain
difference.
A <span> tag cannot
contain <p> tags.A<p>
element can contain
several span elements.
several <p> element but

a <p> tag cannot contain
div element.
Attributes supported by <div> and

<span> tags
Id
class
Align
Bgcolor
Width
Height
Title
Style
Meta Tag
Metadata means data which is stored about
data.
Metadata help search engines in finding a
match when it performs the search.
The search engines will look at any meta data
attached to a page.
We can add metadata to our web pages by
placing meta tags within the <head> tags.
Attributes of the meta tag

Name
Content
Scheme
http-equiv
NAME attributes
META tags with a name attribute are used for the types which
do not correspond to HTTP headers.

Value Robots:Controls Web robots on a per-page basis
<META NAME="ROBOTS"
CONTENT="NOINDEX,NOFOLLOW">
NOINDEX prevents anything on the page from being indexed.
NOFOLLOW prevents the crawler from following the links on the
page and indexing the linked pages.
NOIMAGEINDEX prevents the images on the page from being
indexed but the text on the page can still be indexed.
NOIMAGECLICK prevents the use of links directly to the
images, instead there will only be a link to the page.
Name attribute
Description:A short, plain language
description of the document. Used by search

engines to describe your document.
<META NAME="description"
CONTENT="Citrus fruit wholesaler.">
Name attribute
Keywords:Keywords used by search engines
to index your document in addition to words

from the title and document body. Typically
used for synonyms and alternates of title
words. E.g.
<META NAME="keywords"
CONTENT="oranges, lemons, limes">
HTTP-EQUIV attribute
META tags with an HTTP-EQUIV attribute are
equivalent to HTTP headers.

Typically, they control the action of browsers,
may be used to refine the information provided
by the actual headers
HTTP-EQUIV attribute cont

Expires:The date and time after which the document should be considered
expired.
Dates must be given in in GMT.
<META HTTP-EQUIV="expires" CONTENT="Wed, 26 Feb 1997 08:21:57
GMT">
Content-Type:The HTTP content type may be extended to give the
character set.
As a META tag, it causes Netscape Navigator to load the appropriate
charset before displaying the page.
<META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=ISO2022-JP">
It is now recommended to always use this tag,Failure to do so may cause
display problems
HTTP-EQUIV attribute cont

Content-Script-Type:Specifies the default
scripting language in a document.

<META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Script-Type"
CONTENT="text/javascript">
Content-Language:May be used to declare
the natural language of the document.
languages are specified as the pair (languagedialect); here, English-British
<META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Language"
CONTENT="en-GB">
Refresh:Specifies a delay in seconds before
the browser automatically reloads the

document. Optionally, specifies an alternative
URL to load. E.g.
<META HTTP-EQUIV="Refresh"
CONTENT="3;URL=http://www.some.org/so
me.html">
Working with Tables
Objectives
Understand table basics
Format tables
Follow table pointers to create well-designed
tables
Create a page template
Evaluate examples of page templates
Understanding Table Basics
Using Table Elements

To build effective page templates, you must
be familiar with the HTML table elements

and attributes
The <table> element contains the table
information, which consists of table row
elements <tr> and individual table data cells
<td>
These are the three elements you will use

most frequently when you are building tables
Basic Table Code

<table border="1">
<tr><td>Breed</td><td>Description</td><td>Group</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>French Bulldog</td><td>Loyal Companion</td>
<td>Non-Sporting</td></tr>
<tr><td>Wheaten Terrier</td><td>High energy,
friendly</td>
<td>Terrier</td></tr>
<tr><td>English Pointer</td><td>Hunting companion</td>
<td>Sporting</td></tr>
<tr><td>Australian Cattle Dog</td><td>Guarding,
herding</td>
<td>Working</td></tr>
</table>
Captions and Table Header

<caption> lets you add a caption to the top or
bottom of the table

By default, captions display at the top of the
table; you can use the align=bottom attribute
to align the caption at the bottom of the table
The <th> tag lets you create a table header cell
that presents the cell content as bold and
centered
Global attributes of table tag

ATTRIBUTES
DESCRIPTION
BGCOLOR
Sets the background color of the table
ALIGN
Indicates the position of the table on the web

page Left/Right/Center
BORDER
Indicates the thickness of the table.
HEIGHT
Indicates the height of the Table in pixels
WIDTH
Indicates the width of the Table in pixels
BORDERCOLOR
Specifies the color for the table border.
Cell spacing
Indicates the distance between edges of the

cells
Cell Padding
Indicates the distance between edges of cells

and contents.
Table Grouping Attributes

The primary use of the grouping elements is
to let you apply styles to groups of either

rows or columns
Headers and Footers

thead, tfoot and tbody allow you to separate
the table into header, footer and body,

which can be handy when dealing with larger
tables.
<html>
<body>
<table border="6"
bordercolor="blue" bgcolor="pink"
cellpadding="20" cellspacing="8">
<thead>
<td>Roll</td>
<td>Name</td>
<td>Percentage</td>
</thead>
<tfoot>
<td>Today</td>
<td>is</td>
<td>wednesday</td>
</tfoot>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>101</td>
<td>sagar</td>
<td>85.5%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>102</td>
<td>Rekha</td>
<td>90.0%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>103</td>
<td>Tina</td>
<td>56%</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</body>
</html>
Formatting columns
the colgroup and col tags have come to their
used to format columns.

These tags allow you to define the table
columns and style them as desired, which is
particularly useful
if you want certain columns aligned or colored
differently, as, without this, you would need to
target individual cells.
Colgroup tag
The <colgroup> tag specifies a group of one or more columns in
a table for formatting.

The <colgroup> tag is useful for applying styles to entire
columns, instead of repeating the styles for each cell, for each
row.
The <colgroup> tag must be a child of a <table> element, after
any <caption> elements and before any <thead>, <tbody>,
<tfoot>, and <tr> elements.
To define different properties to a column within a <colgroup>,
use the <col> tag within the <colgroup> tag.
<html>
<body>
<table border="6"
bordercolor="blue" bgcolor="pink"
cellpadding="20" cellspacing="8">
<colgroup >
<col span=2 style="backgroundcolor:red">
<col style="backgroundcolor:yellow"></colgroup>
<thead>
<td>Roll</td>
<td>Name</td>
<td>Percentage</td>
</thead>
<tfoot>
<td>Today</td>
<td>is</td>
<td>wednesday</td>
</tfoot>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>102</td>
<td>Rekha</td>
<td>90.0%</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</body>
</html>
Defining Table Attributes

Table attributes let you further define a
number of table characteristics

You can apply attributes at three levels of
table structure: global, row level, or cell level
Global Table Attributes

Global attributes affect the entire table
Row-Level Table Attributes

Row-level attributes affect the entire table
Cell-Level Table Attributes

Cell-level attributes affect only the contents
of one cell
Spanning Columns
The colspan attribute lets you create cells
that span multiple columns of a table

Column cells always span to the right
Spanning Rows
The rowspan attribute lets you create cells
that span multiple rows of a table

Rows always span down
Formatting Tables
Choosing Relative or Fixed Table

Widths
Set relative table widths as percentages in
the table width attribute
If you choose relative table widths, your

tables will resize based on the size of the
browser window
Set absolute table widths as pixel values in
the table width attribute
Fixed tables remain constant regardless of

the browser window size
Determining the Correct Fixed

Width for a Table
The most common width for page template
tables is approximately 975 pixels

This width supports the 1024 x 768 screen
resolution
Adding White Space in a Table

You can add white space into a table with the
cellpadding and cellspacing attributes
Removing Default Table Spacing

Default spacing values are included in the
table even when you dont specify values for

the tables border, cellpadding, or cellspacing
attributes
Depending on the browser, approximately
two pixels are reserved for each of these
values
You can remove the default spacing by
explicitly stating a zero value for each
attribute
Image tag
Html embeds images in your web page using
the <img> tag.

Image exists in different file formats: JPEG :Join photographic experts group
BMP:bitmap
PNG:portable network graphics
TIFF:Tagged Image File Format
Attributes of <img> tag

Attribute
Description
Vspace
Indicates the amount of space left to

the top and the bottom of the image.
Hspace
Indicates the amount of space left to

the left and the right of the image.
Alt
Will display alternate text when the

image is not found.
Src
Indicates the source file.
Border
Specify the size of the border

around the image.
Height and width
Indicates the dimension of the

image in pixels.
Align
Controls the horizontal alignment of

the image.
Valign
Controls the vertical alignment of the

image.
LONGDESC--Points to a resource that
contains a longer description of the images

content.
ISMAP--Identifies the image as being used as
part of a server-side imagemap.
USEMAP--Set equal to the name of the
client-side imagemap to be used with the
image.
Img tag
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
The koala(Phascolarctos cinereus) is an arboreal herbivorous marsupial
native to Australia, and the only extant

representative of the family Phascolarctidae. It is classified in the suborder
Vombatiformes within the order Diprotodontia, and its closest living relatives
are the wombats.
<br>
<img src="Koala.jpg" border="4" align="right" valign="bottom" height="400"
width="500" vspace="100" hspace="50"
longDesc="koala.html">
<script>
Document.write(Document.longDesc);
</script></body>
</html>
Align =left
Align=right
Image with border
Inserting links
The main purpose of web page is to create the
documents that navigate in any order.

Hypertext document is a document which links to the
other documents through hyperlinks.
The browser distinguishes the hyperlinks from normal
text.
The hyperlink appears blue in color.
Hyperlink is underlined.
When the mouse cursor moves over the hyperlink ,it
changes to the shape of a hand.
Hyperlink types
There are three types of hyperlinks:1. Internal: Links to anchors in the current
page.
2. It is necessary to mark the location with the
help of <a> tag using name attribute.
3. Then link with the help of href attribute
followed by # symbol.
4. <a href=#top>
<html>
<head>
</head>
<div>
<p>
<a name="top">IDENTIFY METRICS CUSTOMERS
</p>
<p>
Functional Management:
</p></div>
<a href="#top">top</a>
</body></html>
Local
Links to the other pages within your domain
or web site.
<html>
<body>
<a href="list.html">link to a list</a>
<br>
<a href="frame.html">link to a frame</a>
<br>
<a href="img.html">link to an image</a>
</body>
</html>
Global links
Links to domains outside your web site.
<html>
<body>
<a href="list.html">link to a list</a>
<br>
<a href="frame.html">link to a frame</a>
<br>
<a href="img.html">link to an image</a>
<br>
<a href="http://www.google.com">link to Google</a>
</body>
</html>
Attributes of the body tag to change the default color

of the hyperlink
Link :Changes the default color of the
hyperlink
Alink:Changes the default color of the active
hyperlink.
Vlink:Changes the default color of the visited
hyperlink.
Anchor tag
The <a> tag can be used in two ways:
To create a link to another document, by
using the href attribute

To create a bookmark inside a document, by
using the name attribute
HTML Links - The target Attribute

The target attribute specifies where to open the
linked document.
The example below will open the linked
document in a new browser window or a new
tab:
<a href=" http://www.mu.ac.in "
target="_blank">Visit mumbaiuniversity</a>
Target
Value
Description
_blank
Opens the linked document in a new window or tab
_self
Opens the linked document in the same frame as it

was clicked (this is default)
_parent
Opens the linked document in the parent frame
_top
Opens the linked document in the full body of the

window
framename Opens the linked document in a named frame
Attribute of <A >tag

ACCESSKEY--An access key is a shortcut key a
reader can use to activate the hyperlink.

If you set the access key to the letter "C",
for example, Windows users can press shift +Alt+C
on their keyboards to activate the link.
CHARSET--Denotes what character encoding to use
for the linked document.
HREF--Gives the URL of the Web resource to which the
hyperlink should point.

HREFLANG--Denotes the language context of the linked
resource.
NAME--Specifies the name of the anchor being set up.
<html>
<body link="red" alink="green" vlink="cyan">
<a href="list.html" target="_blank" accesskey="A">link to a
list</a>
<br>
<a href="frame.html" accesskey="B">link to a frame</a>
<br>
<a href="img.html" accesskey="C">link to an image</a>
<br>
<a href="http://www.google.com">link to Google</a>
<br>
<a href="html1.html" > <img src="koala.jpg"></a>
</body>
</html>
REL--Describes the nature of the

forward link.
Value
author
bookmark
help
Description
Links to an alternate version of the document (i.e. print
page, translated or mirror)
Links to the author of the document
Permanent URL used for bookmarking
Links to a help document
license
Links to copyright information for the document
next
The next document in a selection
nofollow
Links to an unendorsed document, like a paid link.

("nofollow" is used by Google, to specify that the Google
search spider should not follow that link)
alternate
noreferrer
prev
Specifies that the browser should not send a HTTP referer

header if the user follows the hyperlink
The previous document in a selection
<html>
<head>
<title>Write title of document.</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>rel attribute of anchor tag in HTML5.</p>
<a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.google.co.in/" >
Do not follow this link.</a><br>

<a rel="alternate" href=ass1.html"
hreflang="en">English version of document</a><br>
<a rel="next" href=frame.html">Open previous document</a
><br>
<a rel="prev" href=img.html">Open next document</a><br>
</body>
</html>
TABINDEX--Specifies the link's position in the
document's tabbing order.

TARGET--Tells the browser into which frame
the linked document should be loaded.

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HTML

HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup

Tags, Attributes, and Elements

tags, which surround content and apply meaning to

Tags, Attributes, and Elements

Tags, Attributes, and Elements

information. Attributes appear inside the opening tag and their

Tags, Attributes, and Elements

beginning and end of an element.

need to explicitly state that.

(emphasis) and strong (strong emphasis).

default aligned to the center.

used are <b></b>

</font> will appear in the font ,size and color as

the tag <UL> and </UL>

with <OL> and ends with </OL>

(definition term) and <dd> (definition

inline container for structuring content.

Block level element

A <div> tag can contain

several <p> element but

Attributes supported by <div> and

Attributes of the meta tag

do not correspond to HTTP headers.

description of the document. Used by search

to index your document in addition to words

equivalent to HTTP headers.

HTTP-EQUIV attribute cont

HTTP-EQUIV attribute cont

scripting language in a document.

Refresh:Specifies a delay in seconds before

the browser automatically reloads the

Working with Tables

Understanding Table Basics

Using Table Elements

be familiar with the HTML table elements

These are the three elements you will use

Basic Table Code

Captions and Table Header

bottom of the table

Global attributes of table tag

Sets the background color of the table

Indicates the position of the table on the web

Indicates the thickness of the table.

Indicates the height of the Table in pixels

Indicates the width of the Table in pixels

Specifies the color for the table border.

Indicates the distance between edges of the

Indicates the distance between edges of cells

Table Grouping Attributes

to let you apply styles to groups of either

Headers and Footers

the table into header, footer and body,

used to format columns.

a table for formatting.

Defining Table Attributes

number of table characteristics

Global Table Attributes

Row-Level Table Attributes

Cell-Level Table Attributes

that span multiple columns of a table

that span multiple rows of a table

Choosing Relative or Fixed Table

the table width attribute