Topic 4

Periodic Table

Learning Outcomes
By the end of this topic, you should be able to:
1.

Analyse the periodic table.

2.

Summarise the electronic structures and

periodic table.

3.

Identify properties and usages of transition

elements.

Learning Outcomes
By the end of this topic, you should be able to:
4.

Identify the electronic structure, group trends,

physical properties and chemical properties of
Group 1 and Group 17.

5.

Summarise noble gases.

6.

Identify the properties and classification of

Period 3 elements.

History of the Periodic Table:

Antoine Lavoisier (17431794)

History of the Periodic Table:

Johann Dobereiner (17801849)

This classification was unsuccessful because the

classification was limited to a few elements only.

Then, other scientists realised that there was a

relationship between the properties and atomic masses
of the elements.

History of the Periodic Table:

John Newlands (18371898)

Newlands arranged all the known elements

horizontally in the ascending order of their
atomic masses.

Each row consisted of seven elements.

He found that elements with similar properties

recurred at every eighth element.

This arrangement was known as the Law of

Octaves.

History of the Periodic Table:

John Newlands (18371898)

However, this law was only obeyed by the first

17 elements.

There were no positions allocated for elements

yet to be discovered.

However, Newlands contibution to the

development of the periodic table was very
important as he was the first chemist who
discovered the existence of periodicity in the
elements.

History of the Periodic Table:

Lothar Meyer (18301895)

Lothar Meyer plotted a graph of atomic volume

against atomic mass for all known elements.

He showed that the properties of the elements

were in a periodic pattern with their atomic
masses.

Hence, Meyer also proved that the properties

of the elements recur periodically.

History of the Periodic Table:

Dmitri Mendeleev (18341907)

Mendeleev - arranged the known elements in

order of increasing atomic mass in successive
sequences so that elements with similar
chemical properties fell into the same column.

He was able to predict the properties of

undiscovered elements and left gap for these
elements.

History of the Periodic Table:

Dmitri Mendeleev (18341907)

A portion of Mendeleevs periodic table, giving the atomic

masses known at the time and showing some of the
holes representing unknown elements.
There is an unknown element (which turned out to be
gallium, Ga) beneath aluminum (Al) and another one
(which turned out to be germanium, Ge) beneath silicon
(Si).

History of the Periodic Table:

Henry J. G. Moseley (18871915)

Henry J. G. Moseley studied the x-ray spectrum

of elements.

He rearranged the elements in the ascending

order of their proton numbers.

Modern Periodic Table

A periodic table is an arrangement of elements

in which the elements are separated into groups
based on a set of repeating properties.

The periodic table of the elements is organized

into 18 groups and 7 periods. Elements are
arranged according to proton number.

The Periodic Table

Analysis of The Periodic Table

Each horizontal row (there are 7 of them) is

called a period.

Each vertical column is called a group.

Elements in a group have similar chemical

properties.

Those within a period have properties that

change progressively across the table.

Analysis of The Periodic Table

Groups
There

are 18 groups of elements in the

periodic table.

Group 1 - Alkali metal

Group 2 - Alkaline earth metal
Group 3 to Group 12 - Transition element
Group 17 - Halogen
Group 18 - Noble gas

Group 1 Alkali metals

The alkali metals: lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and

francium
Elements in this group are highly reactive and form alkaline (basic)
solutions with water.

Group 2 Alkaline earth metals

The alkaline earth metals: beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium,

barium, and radium
Elements in this group also form alkaline (basic) solutions with water
but are less reactive than the Group 1 metals.

Group 17 Halogens

The halogens (means salt formers): fluorine, chlorine,

bromine, iodine, and astatine
Elements in this group form salts with metals.

Group 18 Noble gases

The noble gases: helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon
Elements in this family have such a low reactivity that they were
formerly known as the inert gases.

Metal elements

Metallic character increases from top to bottom

and decreases from left to right.

Nonmetal elements

Nonmetallic character decreases from top to

bottom and increases from left to right.

Semimetal elements (or metalloids)

Metalloids show some properties that are

characteristic of both metals and nonmetals.

Semimetal elements (or metalloids)

Many of the metalloids, such as silicon,

germanium and antimony, act as
semiconductors, which are important in solidstate electronic circuits.

Semiconductors are insulators at lower

temperatures and become conductors as higher
temperatures

Analysis of The Periodic Table

Groups
a)

Metals - Elements in Groups 1 to 13

b)

Non-metals

Elements in Groups 15, 16, 17 and 18

Carbon and silicon from Group 14

Some physical properties of

metals and nonmetals:
Metals

Nonmetals

1.

High electrical conductivity that

1.
decreases with increasing temperature

Poor electrical conductivity (except

carbon in the form of graphite)

2.

High thermal conductivity

2.

Good heat insulators (except carbon

in the form of diamond)

3.

Metallic gray or silver luster (except

copper and gold)

3.

No metallic luster

4.

Almost all are solids (except mercury;

cesium and gallium melt in protected
hand)

4.

Solids, liquids or gases

5.

Malleable (can be hammered into

sheets)

5.

Brittle in solid state

6.

Ductile (can be drawn into wires)

6.

Nonductile

Analysis of The Periodic Table

Periods

Short periods (Period 1 3)

Long periods (Period 4 7)

Lanthanide Series (elements with proton

number 58 to 71)

Actinide Series (elements with proton number

90 to 103)

Electronic Structures and The

Periodic Table

Valence electrons are electrons found in the

outermost occupied shell of an atom.

All members of the same group have the same

number of valence electrons.

Electronic Structures and The

Periodic Table

The position of the period of an element in the

periodic table is determined by the number of
shells occupied with electrons in the atom.

Electronic Structures and The

Periodic Table

Keep in mind that the chemical properties of

the elements in a period are the same but the
physical properties of these elements change
gradually. (pg 87)

Electronic Structures and The

Periodic Table
When going across a period from left to right,

Atomic radius decrease

Electronegativity (the ability of an element to

pull the electron to itself) increase

Metal characteristics - decrease

Metal semi-metal non-metal

Oxide characteristics
Alkaline acidic

Transition Metals

Elements between Group 2 and Group 13

All transition elements are metals:

Silvery surface
Hard
High density
Ductile and malleable
High melting and boiling point
Good electrical conductivity

Transition Metals
Four

special characteristics:

Transition Metals

Form Coloured Compounds

Transition Metals

Form Coloured Compounds

The colours of gemstones and precious
stones occur naturally due to the presence of
the transition elements in them:
Emerald

is green because it contains nickel

and iron.
Ruby is red due to the existence of
chromium.

Transition Metals

Form Coloured Compounds

Aqueous solutions of transition element
compounds can react with sodium hydroxide
solution and ammonia solution to form
coloured precipitates of metal hydroxides.
The

precipitates formed are coloured

because these are compounds of transition
elements.

Transition Metals

Has Variable Oxidation Numbers

Examples:
Iron(II), Fe2+, and Iron(III), Fe3+
Copper(I), Cu+, and Copper(II), Cu2+

Transition Metals

Many Transition Elements and Their

Compounds Have Catalytic Properties
A catalyst is a substance that speeds up a
reaction but does not change chemically after
a reaction.

Transition Metals

Many Transition Elements and Their

Compounds Have Catalytic Properties

Transition Metals

Can Form Complex Ions

A complex ion is a polyatomic cation or anion
consisting of a central metal ion with other
groups bonded to it.

Example: tetraamminecopper(II) ion, [Cu

(NH3)4]2+

Transition Metals:
Industrial Uses

Group 1 Alkali metals

The alkali metals: lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and

francium
Elements in this group are highly reactive and form alkaline (basic)
solutions with water.

Group 1

Alkaline metals - can react with water to form

alkaline solutions.

Group 1

Group 1

Physical Properties:

Soft solids and can be easily cut

Grey solids with shiny silvery surfaces

Surfaces will turn dull very fast when exposed to

air.
Alkali metals are very reactive; hence, they
react rapidly with oxygen and water vapour in
the air when exposed.
Thus, they have to be kept in paraffin oil.

Group 1

Physical Properties:

Low density compared to heavy metals (iron

and copper)

Good conductors of heat and electricity

Group 1

Atomic radius increases down the group.

The number of filled electron shells increases

down the group.

The density increases down the group

The increase in mass of the atom is greater
than the increase in the atomic radius of the
atom.

Group 1

The melting point decreases as we go down

Group 1 .

The metallic bond between the atoms

becomes weaker as the atomic radius
increases.

Group 1

The electropositivity (the ability of an atom to

lose an electron and form a positive ion) of the
metal increases down the group.

The further the position of the valence electron

from the nucleus, the weaker the force of
attraction between the nucleus and the
valence electron.

Hence, the elements lose the single valence

electron more easily.

Group 1

Chemical Properties:
a)

React with water to liberate hydrogen gas and

form metal hydroxide

b)

React with oxygen to produce metal oxides

c)

React with chlorine to produce metal chloride

d)

React with bromine to produce metal bromide

Oxygen And The Oxides

Reactions of Metal Oxides with Water:

The oxides of the Group 1 metals dissolve in
water to give solutions of strong bases.
Na2O(s) + H2O(l) 2NaOH(aq)
Sodium oxide

sodium hydroxide

Group 17 Halogens

The halogens (means salt formers): fluorine, chlorine,

bromine, iodine, and astatine
Elements in this group form salts with metals.

Group 17

Group 17

Halogen - salt producer

Very reactive elements.
Most of them exist naturally as halide salts.
Halogens are non-metals and exist as diatomic
covalent molecules.

Group 17

All elements of Group 17 have seven valence

electrons.

Group 17

Group 17

Physical Properties:

Insulators of heat and electricity

Low melting and boiling points

Poor forces of attraction between the
molecules

Low density

Group 17

Atomic radius increases down the group.

The number of filled electron shells increases

down the group.

The density increases down the group

The increase in mass of the atom is greater
than the increase in the atomic radius of the
atom.

Group 17

The melting and boiling point increases as we go

down Group 17 .

The molecular size increases down the group.

As the molecular size of halogens increases, the van der

Waals forces of attraction between the molecules
become stronger.

More heat is required to overcome the forces of

attraction between the molecules.

F2 and Cl2 gas; Br2 liquid; I2 and At2 - solids at room

temperature

Group 17

The colour of halogen becomes darker down the

group.
Fluorine - pale-yellow gas
Chlorine - greenish-yellow gas
Bromine - reddish-brown liquid
Iodine - purplish-black solid

Group 17

The electronegativity (the tendency of an atom to

attract an electron and form a negative ion) of
halogens decreases from fluorine to iodine.

This is because as the atomic radius becomes

larger.

The force of attraction between the nucleus

and the valence electrons becomes weaker.

The strength of the nucleus to attract electrons

becomes weaker.

Group 17

Chemical Properties:

The reactivity of halogen decreases as they

go down the group.

Halogens can easily gain one electron to

achieve a stable octet electron arrangement
and therefore are good oxidising agents.

As the reactivity of halogens decreases down

the group, their strength as oxidising agents
also decreases down the group.

Group 17

Chemical Properties:

Group 17 elements exhibit similar chemical

properties when they react with:
(a) Water
(b) Iron
(c) Cold sodium hydroxide solution

Group 17

Chemical Properties:

React with water to produce acidic

solutions.

However, the solubility of halogens in water

decreases when going down group 17.

Chlorine and bromine dissolve readily in

water, forming acidic solutions which turn
blue litmus paper red.

Group 17

Chemical Properties:

React with water to produce acidic

solutions.

The solution formed is also bleaching

agents which turn the litmus paper white
due to the presence of hypochlorous acid or
hypobromus acid.

Iodine is only very slightly soluble in water.

Group 17

Chemical Properties:

React with hot iron to produce a iron(III)

halides solid

Chlorine, bromine and iodine react with hot

iron to produce a brown iron(III) halides
solid.

The reactivity of the halogens in their

reaction with iron decreases from chlorine to
bromine.

Group 17

Chemical Properties:

React with cold sodium hydroxide solution to

produce water and a colourless solution
containing salts of sodium halide and sodium
halate(I).
Cl2 + 2NaOH

NaCl + NaOCl + H2O

The reactivity decreases from chlorine to

iodine.

Group 18 Noble gases

The noble gases: helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon
Elements in this family have such a low reactivity that they were
formerly known as the inert gases.

Group 18

Group 18

Noble gases are chemically unreactive.

The atoms have a stable electronic structure.

Helium atoms have two electrons in their

only electron shell (duplet electron
arrangement)

The outermost shell of the atoms of the

other noble gases has eight electrons (octet
electron arrangement)

Group 18

Exist as monoatom gases.

Colourless and insoluble in water.

Cannot conduct electricity and are poor

conductor of heat.

Group 18

Group 18

Have very low melting and boiling points

because noble gases are held together by
weak Van der Waals forces of attraction.

Have very low densities but the density

increases slowly when going down the group
because the increase in atomic mass is greater
than the increase in volume.

Period 3

Period 3
When going across Period 3 from left to right,

Atomic radius decrease

Electronegativity (the ability of an element to

pull the electron to itself) increase

Electronegativity

TREND: Electronegativity decreases down a group

and increases within a period.

Period 3

Metals form oxides with basic properties only.

Non-metals form oxides with acidic properties

only.

Semi-metal form oxides with both acidic and

basic properties. These oxides are known as
amphoteric oxides.

Period 3

When going across a period from left to right,

Metal characteristics - decrease

Metal semi-metal non-metal

Oxide characteristics
Alkaline Amphoteric Acidic

Chloride and Hydride for

Elements in Period 3

Chloride and Hydride for

Elements in Period 3
When going across Period 3 from left to right:
a)

The bonding changes from ionic to covalent.

b)

They react with water rather than dissolve in it.

c)

The compound solution changes from neutral

to acidic

Oxygen And The Oxides

Reactions of Nonmetal Oxides with Water:

Nonmetal oxides are called acid anhydrides (or
acidic oxides) because many of them dissolve in
water to form acids.
Nonmetal oxide + water

Ternary Acid
(contains 3 elements)

CO2(g)

H2O(l)

H2CO3(aq)
carbonic acid