INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC &

CRITICAL THINKING
Presentation Topic:

1.SOCRATES
2.FRANCIS BACON
3.ALBERT CAMUS
Presentation By:

VICKY KUMAR
ALI RAZA JATOI
MARIA SOLANGI
PARAS KUMARI
HUMA MEMON
NOOR UL AIN
ZAHID GHANGRO

COURSE INSRUCTOR:

SIR SAYED SHAHID JILANI

Sr#

OUTLINE

INTRODUCTION

IDEOLOGIES/VIEWS

MAJOR WORKS

ACHIEVEMENTS

INFLUENCE

STARTING BY:

HUMA MEMON

1) SOCRATES
Introduction
a) Birth
b) Early life and childhood
c) Education
d) Family background

 Ideologies/Views:
He was guilty of "corrupting the youth" and not believing in the gods that
Athens believed in.
All philosophers before him are known as the "pre-socratics.

Achievements:
Socrates is acknowledged as the father of Western philosophy,
a great teacher who taught Plato, who in his turn taught Aristotle,
Alexander the Great's teacher. Beyond philosophy, Socrates was a
brave and skilled soldier who once saved the life of Athenian general
Alcibiades.

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Bharti Mandhwani
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MARIA SOLANGI

nfluence:

e is often thought to have studied the doctrines of Parmenides,

eraclitus, Anaxagoras, who were early Greek philosophers.
is clear that these were early influences to the young Socrates
nd that he used their teachings as a basis for his own.

crates was one of the few philosophers in history to be recognized

r his work during his own lifetime. Even the Oracle of Delphi
onounced him the wisest man in Greece, for which Socrates was
odest in accepting, saying he was only able to recognize his own ignoran

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Vicky Kumar

 Major Works:
He did not write any philosophical texts, and our knowledge of the man and
his philosophy is based on writings by his students and contemporaries,
particularly Platos dialogues, but also the writings, Xenophon
and
Aristophanes.
Socrates'most importantandenduringsingle contribution to
Western thought is hisdialecticalmethod of inquiry, which he
referred to as"elenchus"(roughly, "cross-examination") but
which has become known as theSocratic Methodor Socratic
Debate(although some commentators have argued that
Protagorasactually invented the Socratic method). It has
been called anegative methodofhypothesis elimination, in
that better hypotheses are found by steadily identifying and
eliminatingthose which lead tocontradictions.

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NOOR-UL-AIN

2) FRANCIS BACON
Introduction
a) Birth
b) Early life and
childhood
c) Education
d) Family
background

 Major Works:
Francis Bacon's philosophy is displayed in the vast and varied writings he left,
which might be divided in three great branches:
Scientific works- in which his ideas for an universal reform of knowledge into
scientific methodology and the improvement of mankind's state using the Scientific
method are presented.
Religious and literary works- in which he presents his moral philosophy and
theological meditations.
Juridical works- in which his reforms in English Law are proposed.

NEXT PRESENTER:

ZAHID GHANGHRO

 Influence:
Bacon's ideas were influential in the 1630s and 1650s among scholars,
in particular Sir Thomas Browne, who in his encyclopedia
Pseudodoxia (164672) frequently adheres to a Baconian approach
to his scientific enquiries. During the restoration, Bacon was commonly
invoked as a guiding spirit of the Royal Society founded under
Charles II in 1660.

Achievements:

ng elected to Parliament in 1584.

blishing 10 of his essays devoted to aphorisms on political behavior in 15

ng knighted in 1603.

ting The Advancement of Learning in 1605.

ng appointed to solicitor general in 1607.

ng appointed to the Privy Council in 1616.

coming lord keeper in 1617.

coming lord chancellor and Baron Verulam in 1618.

NEXT PRESENTER:

ALI RAZA

3) ALBERT CAMUS
Introduction
a) Birth
b) Early life and
childhood
c) Education
d) Family
background

NEXT PRESENTER:

PARAS KUMARI

 Major Works:
Novels

The Stranger (L'tranger, often translated as The Outsider) (1942)

The Plague (La Peste) (1947)
The Fall (La Chute) (1956)
A Happy Death (La Mort heureuse) (written 193638, published posthumously 1971)
The First Man (Le premier homme) (incomplete, published posthumously 1995)
Short stories
Exile and the Kingdom (L'exil et le royaume) (collection) (1957)
"The Adulterous Woman" ("La Femme adultre")
"The Renegade or a Confused Spirit" ("Le Rengatou un esprit confus")
"The Silent Men" ("Les Muets").

Achievements:
Albert Camus was a French-Algerian writer best known for his absurdist works,
including The Stranger (1942) and The Plague (1947).
He won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1957.

 Influence:
Though he was baptized, raised, and educated as a Catholic and invariably
respectful towards the Church, Camus seems to have been a natural-born
pagan who showed almost no instinct whatsoever for belief in the supernatural.
Even as a youth he was more of a sun-worshipper and nature lover than a boy
notable for his piety or religious faith. On the other hand, there is no denying that
Christian literature and philosophy served as an important influence on his early
thought and intellectual development.