PHOSPHOR and NITROGEN

History of Phosphorus
Step
Discoverer

Hannig Brand
(1690 in Hamburg,
Germany)

Distilling the urine

through the
process of
evaporation

Yunani
Eosphoros wich
mean that has
the light

The ancient
name for the
planet Venus
when looking
Sunrise

After vaporizes 50
buckets of water
urine, he recently
found the items
she wants

Latin
Eosphoros which
means ' light
bearer '

because of its
uniqueness
that is glowing
in the dark

0.1%
of
the
Earth
's
crust

Abundance of Phosphorus

The element phosphorus is never found in free

State, because cruising bundle to oxygen is
There
large.
are
Phosphorus compounds found in nature,
among others;

A lot of Apatite containing Ca3

(PO4) 2 next contains lime, CaCl2,
and CaF2.
Apatite may be found in the
Provinces of Aceh, North Sulawesi,
East Nusa Tenggara, and Java.
Phosphorite (calcium phosphate)
is found in the bones of the
mammal.

are
appro
ximat
ely
200
millio
n
metri
c tons
of
phosp
hate
on
Earth.

Abundance of Phosphorus
Phosphorus is the main foodstuffs used by
all organisms for growth and sourceInorganic
of
phosphate
energy.
compounds in sea
Organic
compounds
Phosphorus
in sea water

Sugar
phosphate
and the
oxidation
Nukloeprote
in and
phosphor
protein
Ortofosfat

inorganic
compounds
Polifosfat

water in General
be in the form of
ions (Ortho)
phosphoric acid
(H3PO4), where
the 10% as a
phosphate ion
and 90% in the
form of HPO42-.
Phosphate is an
important
element in the
formation of
proteins and help
the process of
cell metabolism

Properties of phosphorus
Chemical

Physical

Electron configuration : [Ne]

3s2 3p3

Colourless

Periode : 5

Solid

Atomic number : 15

Melting point : 317,3 K

Element : Non Metal

Boiling point : 553,7 K

Density : 1,823 g/cm3

Allotropes : White

2,34 g/cm3

Red

2,609 g/cm3

Black

Phosphorus
*phosphorus is essential for life, as part of the phosphate group, it is a component of DNA, RNA and
ATP (adenosine triphosphate), and the phospholipids that form all cell membranes.
*phosphorus exists in several form (allotropes) that exhibit strikingly different properties. The two
most common allotropes are white phosphorus and red phosphorus.

Benefit of Phosphorus

Making of manure
Match materials
Fireworks
Pesticide
Tooth paste
Detergent
Lamp of fluoresen.
Materials of is necessary for protoplasm cells, nerve
network and bone.
Bahan pembersih lantai and insektisida
Application also at LED ( Light Emitting Diode) to yield white
light.
Especial food-stuff which used by all organism for growth
and energy
Producing steel, bronze of phosphorus

Danger of Phosphorus
Toxic for white phosphorus
Acute inhalation exposure has
resulted in respiratory tract
irritation and cutghing in humans
Over Phosphorus in body is
dangerous, effected osteoporosis,
broken kidney
Inhalation if sniff the white
phorphorus

History of nitrogen
Nitrogen discovered by Scottish physician
Daniel Rutherford in 1772, who called it
noxious air. In the same time, Nitrogen
also studied by Carl Wilhelm Scheele,
Henry Cavendish, and Joseph Priestley.
Nitrogen is inert , so Antoine Lavoisier call
it is "mephitic air" from the Greek word
azotos the mean is "lifeless. And
that word changed to other language.

 Nitrogen compounds known since

Middle Ages eropa. Alchemists knew
nitric acid as aqua regia. The
mixture of nitric and hydrocloric acid
is aqua regia.

in the earth's atmosphere 78%

while on the surface of the crust is only
33%.
Nitrogen compounds are also very
abundant in nature, in the form of oxide,
nitrites, nitrates or other elements in the
form of salt.
Nitrate and nitrite are very soluble in
water, so they are also abundant in the
waters. Nitrogen compounds found in
nature among NaNO3, usually used as a
fertilizer.

Chemical and Physical Properties of

Nitrogen

 Electronic Configuration
making their electronic configuration extra stable, because
electronic configuration of these elements is ns2np3. The s
orbital in these elements is completely filled and p orbitals are
half-filled.
Atomic and Ionic Radii
Covalent and ionic (in a particular state) radii increase in size
down the group
Ionisation Enthalpy
Ionisation enthalpy decreases down the group due to gradual
increase in atomic size
Physical Properties
Metallic character increases down the group. Nitrogen and
phosphorus are non-metals, arsenic and antimony metalloids
and bismuth is a metal. This is due to decrease in ionisation
enthalpy and increase in atomic size.
The boiling points, in general, increase from top to bottom
in the group but the melting point increases up to arsenic and
then decreases up to bismuth.

Benevit of Nitrogen

Nitrogen fertilizer
Medicine
Zat pewarna
Eksplosive
Coagulation of food product
Preserving of reprodution cell (sperm and ovum)
Storage biological sample
Have a role In growth of plants vegetatif
Giving olour at plants
Lengthening plants age

Danger of Nitrogen

 Cara memperoleh N2
1. NH4Cl + NaNO2 > NaCl +NH4NO2
with calor > N2 + 2H2O
2. 4NH3 + 3Ca(Ocl)2 > 2N2 + 6NH4Br
3. 8NH3 + 3Br2 > N2 + 6NH4Br
4. 2NaN3 with suhu 300 C > 3N2 +
2Na

 Phosfor is the eleventh most abudant

element in the earths crust
About 60% of bones and teeth are
Ca3(PO4)2 or [3(Ca3(PO4)2).CaF2]
The nucleic acids are made up of
polyesterchains of phosphate and sugar
with organic base
Phosphorus in the form of ATP and ADP is
importances for the production of energyin
cells

Reactivity
Nitrogen is relatively unreactive,
which is why it has accumulated in
such large amounts in the
atmosphere
White phosphorus catches fire whwn
exposed to air, burning to form
P4O10. Red phosporus is stablein air
temperature, though it reacts on
heating

Metallic and Non Mettalic Character

Metallic character increases on
descending the group
N and P are non metals, As and Sb
are metaloids, and Bi is true metal

Nitrogen fixation
Cyanamide process
CaC2 + N2 1100C > CaNCN + C
CaNCN + 5H2O > CaCO3 + 2NH4OH
Haber-Bosch process
N2 + 3H2 >< 2NH3 + heat
Its work on high temperature

Reaction with Halides

1. Trihalides
All the possible trihalides of
N,P,As,Sb, and Bi are known.
Z + 3X > ZX3 with X : F,Cl,Br,I
Nitrogen compounds arethe least
stable
NF3 is stable, NCl3 is explosive

 The trihalide typically hydrolyse readly with

water, but the products depending on the
element :
NCl3 4H2O > NH4OH + 3HOCl
PCl3 + 3H2O > H3PO4 + 3HCl
AsCl3 + H2O > SbO(+) + 3Cl- +2H+
SbCl3 + H2O > SbO+ + 3Cl- +2H+
BiCl3 + H2O > BiO+ + 3Cl- + 2H+
They also react withNH3
PCl3 + 6NH3 > P(NH2)3 + 3NH4Cl

2. Pentahalides
Nitrogen is unable to form
pentahalides because the second
shell contains a maximumof eight
electrons. The subsequent elements
have suitable d orbital and form
pentahalides
The molecules have a trigonal
bipyramid shape

Oxides of Nitrogen
Formula

Oxidation
Number

Name

N2O

+I

Nitrous Oxide

NO

+II

Nitric Oxide

N2O3

+III

Nitrogen Sesquioxide

NO2, N2O4

+IV

Nitrogen Dioxide, Dinitrogen

Tetroxide

N2O5

+V

Dinitrogen Pentoxide

NO3, N2O6
(Very unstable)

+VI

Nitrogen Trioxide, Dinitrogen

Hexoxide

Formula

Oxidation Number

P4O6

III

P4O7

III and V

P4O8

III and V

P4O9

III and V

P4O10