Power

Generator
Iqbal Nusya Perdana
Electrical Facilities & Project Engineering

AGENDA
Basic Generator

Basic Generator

DISCUSSION
Convert mechanical energy into electrical energy
A direct result of Faradays work on induction
Basically, the inverse of the electric motor which converts
electrical energy to mechanical energy
Mechanical Energy

Faraday
Laws
1st Whenever a conductor cuts a magnetic field vv an emf is
induced in it.
2nd The magnitude of induced emf is equal to the rate of
change of flux linkage.

N
e
t

e induced emf
N number of turns of coil
/t rate of flux change

BasicGeneration

1
C
y
c
l
e

=2f
f = electrical frequency, usually
50 Hz or 60 Hz

Frequency
the units of frequency (hertz or cycles/sec.)
The frequency of the generated voltage is dependent on the number of
field poles and the speed at which the generator is operated, as indicate
in Equation :
where:
f
P
N
120
pairs

NP
f
120

=
=
=
=

frequency (Hz)
total number of poles
rotor speed (rpm)
conversion from minutes to seconds and from poles to

pole

GeneratorConstruction

SinglePhasePoleOutside

SinglePhasePoleInside

GeneratorConstruction

SinglePhase2Poles

3PhasesGenerator

GeneratorParts

10

GeneratorParts

Prime
Mover

Rotor

Theprime moveris the component that is

used to drive the AC generator.
The prime mover may be any type of rotating
machine, such as a diesel engine, a steam
turbine, gas turbine or others
Therotorof an AC generator is the rotating
component of the generator.
The rotor is driven by the generators prime
mover, which may be a steam turbine, gas
turbine, or diesel engine.
Depending on the type of generator, this
component may be the armature or the field.
The rotor will be the armature if the voltage
output is generated there; the rotor will be the
field if the field excitation is applied there.

11

GeneratorParts
Thestatorof an AC generator is the part that is stationary.

Stator

Like the rotor, this component may be the armature or the

field, depending on the type of generator.
The stator will be the armature if the voltage output is
generated there; the stator will be the field if the field
excitation is applied there

Slip Rings

Slip ringsare electrical connections that are used to

transfer power to and from the rotor of an AC
generator .
The slip ring consists of a circular conducting material
that is connected to the rotor windings and insulated
from the shaft.
Brushes ride on the slip ring as the rotor rotates.
The electrical connection to the rotor is made by
connections to the brushes.
Slip rings are used in AC generators because the
desired output of the generator is a sine wave.
12

GeneratorParts

Field

Armature

Thefieldin an AC generator consists of coils

of conductors within the generator that
receive a voltage from a source (called
excitation) and produce a magnetic flux.
The magnetic flux in the field cuts the
armature to produce a voltage. This voltage
is ultimately the output voltage of the AC
generator.

Thearmatureis the part of an AC

generator in which voltage is produced.

This component consists of many coils of

wire that are large enough to carry the full
load current of the generator.

13

Generator Operation

14

Generator Nameplate
Typical name plate data for an AC generator includes:
manufacturer
serial number and type number;
speed (rpm), number of poles, frequency of output, number of
phases, and maximum supply voltage;
capacity rating in KVA and kW at a specified power factor and
maximum output voltage;
armature and field current per phase; and
maximum temperature rise.

Brushless Exciter Generator

16

Brushless Exciter Generator with PMG

BASIC GENERATOR CONTROL

a. Speed Controller
. Frequency is controlled by controlling speed, which is
proportional to frequency.
. The speed governors for large machines with mechanical
hydraulic governors are set to the required speed by a
governor motor.
. Those using electro-hydraulic governors are set by a
speed adjusting potentiometer.
. Both are controlled from the switchboard.
. The speed governors for small machines not equipped
with governor motors cannot be set to the required speed
from the switchboard. These must be set by manual
adjustment at the governor.

BASIC GENERATOR CONTROL

b. Voltage.
Output voltage is controlled automatically by a voltage
regulator.
Automatic voltage regulators (AVR) are provided with a
transfer switch which permits a shift to manual voltage
control in case of trouble in the voltage regulator.

BASIC GENERATOR CONTROL

c. Load division.
The division of kilowatt load between two ac generators
operating in parallel is controlled by the settings and
characteristics of the prime mover governors and is not affected
by the voltage control, either manual or automatic.

GENERATOR POWER FACTOR

Power factor is defined as the ratio real power to apparent

Power.
This definition is often mathematically represented as kW/
kVA.
Where the numerator is the active (real) power and the
denominator is the (active + reactive) or apparent power.

21

Power Triangle

P = Active Power

Q = Reactive Power

S = Apparent Power
22

Power Triangle

From the above diagaram:

I
= Armature current, apparent power ( S )
I. Cos Q = Real power ( P )
I. Sin Q
= Reaktive power ( Q )

23

24

GENERATOR VOLTAGE REGULATOR

Voltage regulator maintenance :
- Visually check
- Keep cleaning (free of dirt, moisture or foreign
material
- Keep electrical connection is good (tightened
etc.)
- Inspect wiring from potential worn, cut or burn
- Remove oil or grease contaminant if any.
- Keep ventilating in good condition
Understanding of principles of regulator operation is very
helpful
25

VOLTAGE REGULATOR SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

26

VOLTAGE REGULATOR BLOCK DIAGRAM

27

GENERATOR VOLTAGE REGULATOR

Voltage Regulator Troubleshooting Guidance

TROUBLE

PROBABLE CAUSE

No Voltage

- Open or short circuit

between PMG and exciter
field

REMEDY
Locate and repair
Adjust and repair

-Prime mover not up to

rated speed
Check power circuit
-Defective regulato
- Defective exciter

Check field current

29

GENERATOR VOLTAGE REGULATOR

TROUBLE

PROBABLE CAUSE

Low Voltage

-Volts adjust rheostat (VAR)

or R12 improperly adjusted

REMEDY
Adjust

- VAR circuit open

-Speed of generator low
-Under frequency
adjustment wrong
- Voltmeter not reading
properly

Check wiring and

rheostat
Adjust
Re-adjust of R47
very slowly until
voltage stable
Replace

30

TROUBLE

PROBABLE CAUSE

High Voltage

-VAR or R12 improperly

adjusted

Adjust for more

resistance

-No sensing voltage

available at the regulator
terminals

Check connection,
fuses etc.

- Sensing transformer T1
and T2 connected wrong
tap

Check connections

- Defective rectifier diode

D3
- Defective voltage
regulator
- Voltmeter not reading
properly

REMEDY

Replace rectifier
module
Perform bench test
Replace
31

GENERATOR VOLTAGE REGULATOR

TROUBLE

PROBABLE CAUSE

Generator
Voltage
hunting
(oscillating)
at no load

- Frequency unstable
-Improperly adjusted
stabilizing circuit

REMEDY
Check prime mover
speed
Adjust R33

-Regulator output too low

Add series resistance

in field circuit

-Defective exciter or
generators

Check exciter field

current

- Defective PC board

Replace

32

GENERATOR VOLTAGE REGULATOR

TROUBLE

PROBABLE CAUSE

REMEDY

Generator
voltage
fluctuating
with
irregular
intervals

- Loose connection

Check

- Induced interference

Twist VAR and

sensing leads

- Field voltage too low

Add resistance in
series with field

33

GENERATOR VOLTAGE REGULATOR

TROUBLE

PROBABLE CAUSE

REMEDY

Poor generator
voltage
regulation

- Voltmeter in different
location than regulator
sensing point

Connect voltmeter
across regulator
terminals E1 and E3

- Reactive current
compensation causing
droop

Make inoperative by
shorting secondary
side of CT and open
wiring at regulator
terminals 1 and 2

- Too much resistance in

exciter field circuit

Check regulator
output voltage

-Supply voltage at
terminals 3 and 4 too low

Check and adjust

- Defective PC board

Replace
34

GENERATOR VOLTAGE REGULATOR

TROUBLE

PROBABLE CAUSE

Parallel
- Prime mover governor
generation not not properly adjusted
dividing real
(KW) load

REMEDY
Refer to governor
instruction

35

GENERATOR VOLTAGE REGULATOR

TROUBLE

PROBABLE CAUSE

Parallel
generators not
dividing
reactive
(KVAR) load

- Rheostat R3 shorted out

or set for insufficient
resistance

Check, add
resistance if
necessary

- CT connected with
reverse polarity

Reverse connections

- CT secondary terminals
shorted out

REMEDY

Check current
(between 3-5 amp)
at regulator
terminals 1 or 2. Do
not open circuit
under load

-CT not in proper

generator phase with
Check and replace
respect to sensing voltage
- Unit parallel switch (if
used) closed

Check

36

GENERATOR OPERATION MODE

DROOP (LOAD CONTROL)

DROOP MODE

ISO MODE

Generator

Driver

Operation Mode

Governor

31PG-1

DG

DROOP

31PG-2

STG

DROOP

Back Pressure

31PG-3

STG

DROOP

Back Pressure

31PG-4

STG

ISOCH

Condensing

31PG-5

STG

ISOCH

Condensing

31PG-6

STG

DROOP

Back Pressure

31PG-8

STG

DROOP

Back Pressure

31PG-9

STG

DROOP

Back Pressure

31PG-10

STG

DROOP

Back Pressure

31PG-11

STG

ISOCH

Condensing

31PG-12

STG

ISOCH

Condensing

31PG-13

STG

DROOP

Back Pressure

31PG-14

STG

ISOCH

Condensing

31PG-15

GTG

ISOCH

Generator Protection

41

SINGLE LINE
DIAGRAM POWER
G E N E R AT I O N
REACTOR

352-16

352-15

30PS-101, 34.5 KV
( MODULE-1 )

352-1

352-2

352-3

352-6
352-5

352-4

30PS-201, 34.5 KV
( MODULE - 2 )

352-7
352-14

352-13

352-8

352-9

352-10

352-11

352-12

REACTOR

30PT-102

30PT-101

30PT-103

30PT-104

30PT-202

30PT-201

30PT-203

30PT-204

NEW 31PG-1

31PG-1 31PG-2

30PS-1, 13.8KV

31PG-3
31PG-4

30PS-2, 13.8KV

TRAIN A/B, UTILITY A/B

CW PUMPS 1 ~ 5
1st LOADING DOCK
COMMUNITY

31PG-5
31PG-6

30PS-3, 13.8KV

31PG-8

30PS-4, 13.8KV

TRAIN C/D, UTILITY C/D

CW PUMPS 6 ~ 10
STORAGE & LOADING AREA
COMMUNITY

31PG-9

30PS-5, 13.8KV

31PG-11 31PG-12

30PS-6, 13.8KV

TRAIN E/F, UTILITY E/F

CW PUMPS 11 ~ 15
LPG & 2rd / 3th LOADING DOCK

31PG-10
31PG-14

30PS-7, 13.8KV

31PG-13
31PG-15

30PS-8, 13.8KV

TRAIN G/H, UTILITY G/H

CW PUMPS 16 ~ 22

TVP

PROTECTION SYSTEM

No.

DEVICE

REMARK

1.

32

Reverse power / Anti motoring delay

GGP53B

2.

40

Loss of excitation / Loss of field relay

CEH51A3A

3.

46

Negative sequence delay

INC77N2A

4.

51 V

Voltage restraint time overcurrent

relay

IFCV / IJCV

5.

51 GN

6.

59

Over voltage relay

7.

60

Voltage balance relay

8.

87 G

Generator differential relay

9.

87 GG

Generator differential ground relay

10

86 G

Generator ground relay

MODEL

IAC
IAV52A4A
NGV12A11A
CFD22B3A
ICC

Lock Out relay

44

Introduction
Since the fault of the generator from the system will
interrupt the operation of electric power systems.
Generator needed to be protected from all the
fault that will damage the generator.
Generator damage will disturb the supply of
electricity.
Cause selectivity of the protection system, CB is
expected to not easily trip because of fault in the
system.

Stator Differential (87G)

This protection protects generator winding against internal
faults such as phase-to-phase and three phase-to-ground
faults. This type of fault is very serious because very large
current can flow and produce large amounts of damage to the
winding if it is allowed to persist.

Current Unbalance Negative Phase Sequence

(46)
This protection protects generator when generator is
supplying an unbalanced load to a system, a negative
phase sequence current is imposed on the generator.
The negative sequence current in the stator winding

Loss of Excitation (40)

This protection protects generator when generator loss of
excitation. Loss of field or loss of excitation results in loss of
synchronism between rotor flux & stator flux. The
synchronous machine operates as an induction machine at
higher speed and draws reactive power from the grid.

48

Reverse Power (32)

This protection protects generator and prime mover
(turbine) when generator acts as motor (draw out power
from the grid). Motoring of a generator will occur when
turbine output is reduced such that it develops less than
no-load losses while the generator is still on-line, the
generator will operate as a synchronous motor and driving
the turbine.

49

Time Overcurrent Voltage Restraint (51V)

Normally generators are designed to operate continuously
at rated MVA, frequency and power factor over a range of
95 to 105% rated voltage. Operating the generator at rated
MVA with 95% voltage, 105% stator current is permissible.

50

Thermal Overload (49)

Thermal protection for the generator stator core and
windings may be provided for the following contingencies:
Generator overload
Failure of cooling systems
Localized hot spots caused by core lamination insulation
failures or by localized or rapidly developing winding
failures

51

Stator Earth Fault Protection (59N/64N)

Normally the generator stator neutral operates at a
potential close to ground. If a faulty phase winding
connected to ground, the normal low neutral voltage could
rise as high as line-to-neutral voltage depending on the
fault location

52

Over Voltage (59)

Generator voltage is at present value under normal
operating conditions as selected by operator in AVR. If it
parts from preset value, May be due to AVR mal-functioning
or a system disturbance. Severe over voltage can cause
over fluxing and winding insulation failure.
Over Excitation (24)
Per unit voltage divided by per unit frequency commonly
called Volts/Hertz is a measurable quantity that is
proportional to flux in the generator or step-up transformer
cores. Moderate over fluxing (105-110%) increases core
loss resulting in increase of core temperatures due to
hysterics & eddy currents loss.

53

Neutral Grounding of generator

Generator commonly used Grounding with resistance that limits
ground current until 100 ampere.
Another way is grounding through the transformer pole, the
system is appropriate for large capacity machine. Grounding is
worked through the high voltage windings on the transformer
pole by inserting resistance in the low voltage side to restrict the
grounding current until 5-15 Ampere.

Load Shedding System

Load shedding system is loads release in automatically during
disturbance or problem, either from power generation side or
loads side led to the frequency drop until certain secure value
By releasing loads that uncritical, continuity and reliability of the
power system will be maintained
Loads release using the under frequency relay (81) with
different setting in ref. with loads priority (through feeders).
The lowest priority is community, support facilities and all the
loads that is not connection with plant operation

STEP 1

LOAD SHEDDING
SYSTEM

RELAY

STEP

SETTING

FEEDER

LOAD

81-1

Step 1

49.0 Hz

252-12

PSF Area

252-15

S/L Substation

252-18

Community

252-162

CWP Motor No.2

252-163

CWP Motor No.1

252-21

PSF Area

252-25

S/L Substation

252-28

Community

252-262

CWP Motor No.3

252-263

CWP Motor No.4

252-264

CWP Motor No.5

81-3
81-2

81-4

Step 3
Step 2

Step 4

48.3 Hz
48.7 Hz

48.0 Hz

PROTECTION SYSTEM

60

Thank
you

Questions are Welcome

Copyright 2013 PT Badak NGL. All

Rights Reserved.