H EATIN G S Y S TEM S FO R

B U ILD IN G S

W A R M A IR H EATIN G

W arm Air H eating

Warm AirUnits are similar

toairconditioning units in the way that

they blowairaround ductwork and out
through grilles or vents throughout the
house. Theairis normally heated by way of
a gas burner and is controlled by a room
thermostat and a time switch.
Basically, the operation of a forced warm air
system is quite simple. Circulating return air
enters the furnace where a filter or
electronic air cleaner traps air borne dirt.

FU RN ACE

FU RN ACE
Furnace types
Single-stage
Two-stage
Modulating

D U CTS
constructed of sheet metal or glass

fiber- either round or rectangular.

are used in
heating, ventilation, and air conditio
ning
(HVAC) to deliver and remove air.
The needed airflows include, for
example,supply air,return air,
andexhaust air.

D U CTS

D AM PERS
these will be necessary to balance

the system and adjust it to the

desires of the occupants. Splitter
dampers are used where branch
ducts leave the larger Trunk ducts.
Each riser can have its flow
controlled by an adjustable damper
in the basement at the foot of the
riser, labels should indicate the
room's served.

D AM PERS

D AM PERS

H O T W ATER A N D S TEA M
B O ILER S

O IL-FIR ED STEEL B O ILER S

A refractory chamber receives the

hot flame to the fire. Combustion

continues within the chamber and
the fire tubes. Smoke leaves through
the breeching at the rear. Water,
outside the chamber. Receives the
heat generated in the combustion
chamber. If the domestic hot water
coil is connected for use, a larger
capacity boiler is selected.

O IL-FIR ED STEEL B O ILER S

G A S-FIR ED
Cast iron hot water boiler Cast iron

sections contain water that is

heated by gas from below the unit.
Output is related to the number of
sections.

G A S-FIR ED

O IL-FIR ED
Cast iron hot water boiler

primary and secondary air for

combustion may be regulated
at the burner unit.

O IL-FIR ED

ELEC TR IC B O ILER S
For hot water heating are of high

capacity output. Electric steam

boilers are also commonly used in
large buildings.

ELEC TR IC B O ILER S

C O A L-FIR ED STEA M B O ILER

As less polluting use of coal is

achieved, a return of this variation of

equipment is seen.

H O T W ATER H EATIN G
S Y S TEM S

H O T W ATER H EATIN G
SYSTEM S
TYPES:
CIRCUIT TYPES
SPECIAL FITTINGS
AIR VENTS AND WATER DRAINS
HYDRONIC AND ELECTRICAL
CONTROLS
CIRCULATING PUMP

C IR C U IT TY P ES

C IR C U IT TYP ES
There are four (4) principal methods of

arranging the piping for the circulation

of hot water to the heating elements
located in the spaces to be heated.
a. Series Perimeter Loop
b. One-Pipe System
c. Two-Pipe Reverse-Return
d. Two-Pipe. Direct Return

a. Series P erim eter Loop

Runs in the perimeter of the house
Water flows to each baseboard or in

tube in turn.
Values at each heating element are
not possible since any value would
shut of the entire loop

Series P erim eter Loop

b. O ne-P ipe System

Has special fittings which divert part

of the flow into each baseboard

A value may be used at each one to
allow for reduced heat or complete
shut off to conserve energy
Not that economical

O ne-P ipe System

c. Tw o-P ipe R everse-R eturn

Not always necessary
Boiled water supplied to each

baseboard
Not being cooled by passing through
previous baseboards
Equal flow is achieved through all
baseboards by reversing the return

Tw o-P ipe R everse-R eturn

d. Tw o-P ipe. D irect R eturn

This system is not much favored
the path of water through the first

baseboard is much shorter than that

through the others
the last baseboard could easily be
undesirably cool, since it is shortcircuited by the others.

Tw o-P ipe. D irect R eturn

S P EC IA L FITTIN G S

SP EC IA L FITTIN G S
Venturi-type jet tee used here. In the

return branch connection to the main

it induces flow through the convector
by retarding the flow to force water
into the supply branch and producing
a jet to reduce the pressure in the
main following the return branch.

SP EC IA L FITTIN G S

A IR V EN TS A N D W ATER
D R A IN S

A IR V EN TS A N D W ATER
D R A IN S
Except for the necessary air cushion

in the upper part of the compression

tank above the boiler, air must not
be allowed to accumulate at high
points in the piping or at the
convector branches. These air vents
relieve these possible air pockets.
which would otherwise make the
system air-bound and inoperative

A IR V EN TS A N D W ATER
D R A IN S

H Y D R O N IC A N D
ELEC TR IC A L C O N TR O LS

H YD R O N IC A N D
ELEC TR IC A L C O N TR O LS
Hot Water heating systems are fully

automatic and operate as controlled by

methods described in the figure. Makeup
water is added as required, the air level in
the tank is regulated by the air control,
fittings, and the circulator and burner
operate as controlled by the aquastat and
thermostat. If the air vents in the piping
are not automatic they will require
periodic manual "bleeding" of unwanted
air.

H YD R O N IC A N D
ELEC TR IC A L C O N TR O LS

C IR C U LATIN G P U M P
A centrifugal pump is selected to

overcome the friction-of-flow in the

piping and fittings and to deliver
water at a rate sufficient to offset the
hourly heat loss of the house or
buildings.

C IR C U LATIN G P U M P

FIR E P LA C ES

FIR E P LA C ES
TYPES:
CONVENTIONAL MASONRY FIREPLACE - often used
where there is wide space and you can afford it. But
conventional fireplaces are about 10% efficient.
HEAT CIRCULATING FIREPLACE- This give off as
much radiant heat as conventional types, but to
this they add circulating air warmed by convection.
PRE-BUILT FIREPLACES- This type of fireplace makes
it possible to install a wood burning fireplace
without concrete footings, without a masonry
chimney, at lower cost, and in a room where
structural considerations would otherwise rule out a
fireplace

ELEC TR IC R ES IS TA N C E
H EATIN G

ELEC TR IC R ESISTA N C E
H EATIN G
This procedure permits a method of operation

that can contribute to the saving of energy.

Temperature in rooms that are not in use, can
be lowered or the room units turned off by
means of a switch. Thus the rooms actually
occupied would be the only ones to draw full
energy. Baseboard and drop-in-units have a fast
response. The electric-radiant-ceiling method
has largely supplanted the earlier radiant
heating that employed hot water coils in
ceilings or floors. The radiant-heating cable is
installed ready for completion of plaster ceiling.

ELEC TR IC R ESISTA N C E
H EATIN G

ELEC TR IC R ESISTA N C E
H EATIN G

ELEC TR IC R ESISTA N C E
H EATIN G