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Flashover
Outline of talk
Introduction
Heat of combustion and heat transfer
Fire triangle and tetrahedron
Fuel
Flammable limits
Ignition sources
Flame spread and flash over
Explosion hazards
Product of combustion
Fire protection systems
Reference :
Charles A. Wentz, Safety, Health and Environmental Protection, MGH, 1998.
Dr. Ir. Yulianto S Nugroho, MSc
Introduction
Heat of combustion
Heat transfer
Fire triangle
The three elements of fuel,
oxygen, and ignition are
necessary to ignite ordinary
burning and fires.
The fire triangle concept is
also used to prevent fires or
control them once they have
begun.
Fire tetrahedron
The fire tetrahedron adds a
forth
component-chemical
chain reaction - as a
necessity in the prevention
and control of fires.
Fuel
Heat
Fuel
The flammability of hydrocarbon
is greatly affected by substitution
of, particularly, halogen for
hydrogen.
For example, clorine atoms in
hydrocarbons greatly reduce the
flammability of the substance by
interfering with the combustion
chemical chain reaction.
The flash point is the minimum
temperature that a liquid will give
off sufficient vapor to ignite with
oxygen in air.
Flammable
and
combustible
liquids are characterised by flash
points and boiling points.
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Ignition sources
Red
Flammability
0-4
Blue
Yellow
Health
Reactivity
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0-4
White
Special
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Electric sparks
Smoking and matches
Frictional heat
Hot surfaces
Overheated materials
Open flames
Spontaneous heating
Welding and cutting
Combustion particles
Flame spread
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Flame spread
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Flame spread
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Flame spread
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Flame spread
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Flame spread
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Flash over
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Flash over
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Flash over
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Flash over
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Flash over
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EXPLOSION
Definition:
A reaction that produces a
change in the state of matter that results
in a rapid and violent release of energy.
Types:
- Mechanical
- Chemical
- Nuclear
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Explosive
Definition: A material (chemical or nuclear) that
can be initiated to undergo a very rapid, self
propagating decomposition, resulting in:
a. formation of more stable materials
b. the liberation of heat
c. development of a sudden pressure effect.
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Explosion
Explosion:
A very sudden release of
energy resulting in a shock or pressure
wave.
Shock, Blast or pressure wave: Pressure
wave that causes damage.
Deflagration:
Reaction wave speed <
speed of sound.
Detonation:
Reaction wave speed >
speed of sound.
Speed of sound:
ambient T, P.
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Dust Explosion
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discovery of the 1 st
explosion limits
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reaction.
and 2 nd
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Chain reaction
Chain carriers (also called chain centres, i.e. reactive intermediates) are
generated in the initiation steps.
In the chain propagation steps the chain carriers react with the reactants,
produce products and regenerate the chain carriers.
In the inhibition step the chain carriers react with the product, reactants are
reformed, and there is no reduction in the number of chain carriers.
In the branching step two or more chain carriers are produced from a
single chain carrier.
In the termination steps the chain carriers are consumed.
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BLEVE
BLEVE: Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion
Vapor
Liquid
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Explosion
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Explosion
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Explosion
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Explosion
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Explosion
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Blast wave
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