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Communication Systems
Third Edition
Louis Frenzel
Chapter 8
Radio Transmitters
Objectives
Calculate the frequency tolerance of crystal oscillators
Objectives
Discuss the operation and benefits of class D, E, and
connected to an antenna.
This form of transmitter can generate continuous wave
(CW) transmissions.
The oscillator generates a carrier and can be switched
off and on by a telegraph key to produce the dots and
dashes of the International Morse code.
CW is rarely used today as the oscillator power is too
low and the Morse code is nearly extinct.
generation.
Example
A radio transmitter uses a crystal oscillator with a
Answers
synthesizers:
The frequency can be controlled in very fine
increments.
The frequency of a DDS synthesizer can be changed
much faster than that of the PLL.
However, a DDS synthesizer is limited in its output
frequencies.
transmitters are:
Linear
Class C
Switching
amplifier is used
between the carrier
oscillator and the final
power amplifier to
isolate the oscillator
from the power
amplifier load, which
can change the
oscillator frequency.
class C amplifier.
These amplifiers are used for power amplification in
the form of drivers, frequency multipliers, and final
amplifiers.
Class C amplifiers are biased so they conduct for
less than 180 of the input.
Current flows through a class C amplifier in short
pulses, and a resonant tuned circuit is used for
complete signal amplification.
into an inductor.
The exchange of energy between the inductor and
the capacitor is called the flywheel effect and
produces a damped sine wave at the resonant
frequency.
8-4: Impedance-Matching
Networks
Matching networks that connect one stage to another
some combination.
8-4: Impedance-Matching
Networks
The main function of a matching network is to provide
selectivity.
8-4: Impedance-Matching
Networks
8-4: Impedance-Matching
Networks
Networks
There are three basic types of LC impedance-matching
8-4: Impedance-Matching
Networks
L networks consist of an inductor and a capacitor in
8-4: Impedance-Matching
Networks
8-4: Impedance-Matching
Networks
T and Networks
To get better control of the Q, or selectivity of a circuit,
8-4: Impedance-Matching
Networks
network.
8-4: Impedance-Matching
Networks
T network.
8-4: Impedance-Matching
Networks
Transformers and Baluns
One of the best impedance-matching components is the
transformer.
Iron-core transformers are widely used at lower
frequencies to match impedances.
Any load impedance can be made to look like the
desired load impedance by selecting the correct
value of transformer turns ratio.
A transformer used to connect a balanced source to
an unbalanced load or vice versa, is called a balun
(balanced-unbalanced).
8-4: Impedance-Matching
Networks
Transformers and Baluns
Although air-core transformers are used widely at RFs,
8-4: Impedance-Matching
Networks
A toroid transformer
8-4: Impedance-Matching
Networks
Transmission Line Transformers and Baluns
A transmission line or broadband transformer is a
8-4: Impedance-Matching
Networks