TAS 3101 : WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY

CHAPTER 3 :

Water Chemistry
CHAPTER 3:
Environmental Microbiology

© SHAHRUL ISMAIL, DESc.

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT University College of Science and Technology Malaysia
 Menu
1) Introduction
2) Organic Compound
A) BOD
B) COD
C) Suspended Solid

3) Inorganic Compound
A) Metal
B) Non Metal

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

1 - Organic Compound

Organic Compound

“All organic compound contain carbon in

combination with one or more elements”

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Organic Compound - Properties

• Combustible
• Have lower melting and boiling points
• Less soluble in water
• Very high molecular weight
• Mostly serve as a source of food for micro
organisms

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

1 - Organic Compound

SOURCES????

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 Organic Compound - Sources

• Nature :
• Synthesis:
• Fermentation:

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Organic Matter - Classification

• (a) biodegradable organics

• (b) non-biodegradable organics

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 Biodegradable Organics

• food to microorganism
• fast and easily oxidized by micro organism
• e.g. . .

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 Non-biodegradable Organics

• difficult and much more longer to

biodegrade
• or toxic to micro organisms
• e.g. . .

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

NBO - Effects
• depletion of dissolved oxygen in the water
– destroying aquatic life
– damaging the ecosystem
• some organic can cause cancer
• trihalomethanes (THM – carcinogenic
compound) are produced in water and
wastewater treatment plants when natural
organic compounds combine with chlorine
added for disinfection purposes.

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Laboratory Analysis

• Various parameters are used as a

measure of the organic strength of
wastewater:
• (a) BOD – Biochemical oxygen demand
• (b) COD – Chemical oxygen demand
• (c) TOC – Total organic carbon
• (d) VSS – volatile suspended solid

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 A- Biochemical Oxygen Demand

• Def: the quantity of oxygen utilized by a mixed

population of micro organisms to biologically
degrade the organic matter in the wastewater
under aerobic condition.
• BOD is the most important parameter in water
pollution control
• It is used a measure of organic pollution as a
basis for estimating the oxygen
• Needed for biological processes, as and
indicator of process performance
• BOD test

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Test Method
• A water sample containing degradable organic matter is
placed in a BOD bottle.
• If needed, add dilution water (known quantity).
• Dilution water is prepared by adding phosphate buffer
(pH 7.2), magnesium sulphate, calcium chloride and
ferric chloride into distilled water. Aerate the dilution
water to saturate it with oxygen before use.
• Measure DO in the bottle after 15 minutes (DOi)
• Closed the bottle and placed it in incubator for 5 days,at
temperature 20oC
• After 5 days, measure DO in the bottle (DOt)

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

BOD - Calculation
BODt = DOi – DOt
p
Where:
• BODt= biological oxygen demand, mg/L
• DOi = initial DO of the diluted wastewater sample
about 15 min. After preparation, mg/L
DOt = final DO of the diluted wastewater sample
after incubation for t days, mg/L
• P = dilution factor
= ml of wastewater sample
ml BOD bottle

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 BOD test - Dilution

• for a valid BOD test, the final DO should

not be less than 1 mg/L. BOD test is
invalid if DOt value near zero
• dilution can be decrease organic strength
of the sample. By using dilution factor, the
actual value can be obtained.

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 Dilution of Waste

• by direct pipetting into 300 mL BOD bottle

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 Volume of sample (mL) Range of BOD value (mg/L)
0.02 30,000 – 105,000
0.05 12,000 – 42,000
0.10 6,000 – 21,000
0.20 3,000 – 10,500
0.50 1,200 – 4,200
1.00 600 – 2,100
2.00 300 – 1,050
5.00 120 – 420
10.00 60 – 210
20.00 30 – 105
50.00 12 – 42
100.00 6 – 21
300.00 0–7

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

BOD Analysis

• In aerobic processes (O2 is present), heterotropic bacteria oxydize about 1/3 of the colloidal and
dissolved organic matter to stable end products (CO2 + H2O) and convert the remaining 2/3 into
new microbial cells that can be removed from the wastewater by settling.

• The overall biological conversion proceeds sequentially, with oxidation of carbonaceous

material as the first step (known as nitrification oxygen demand):
-------------------------------------------

• Under continuing aerobic conditions, autotrophic bacteria then convert the nitrogen in organic
compounds to nitrates (known as nitrification oxygen demand):
-------------------------------------------

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 BOD Analysis

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Ultimate BOD

• The ultimate BOD (L0) is defined as the maximum BOD exerted by the waste. The
carbonaceous oxygen demand curve can be expressed mathematically as:

Lt
− dL = e − Kt = 10 − Kt
= Kdt L
L

Lt = Lo e − K 't = Lo 10 − Kt

y = Lo (1 − 10 − Kt )

BODt = y at any time t, (day) and Lo is the ultimate BOD

K= K’/2.303
• Where
BODt = biochemical oxygen demand at time t, mg/L
L0 = ultimate BOD, mg/L
K = reaction rate constants, day-1

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

BOD K-rate
Time (day) BODt (mg/L) [time/BODt]1/3
1 X [1/X]1/3
2 Y [2/Y]1/3
3 Z [3/Z]1/3

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

BOD constant, k, per day

• K (base 10)

• K (base e)

• K = k/2.3

• Simple compounds such as sugars and starches are easily utilized by micro organisms have
high k rate
• More complex materials such as phenols and cellulose are difficult to assimilate have
low k value

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Typical values of K for various water

Water type K, per day (base 10)

Tap water 0.04
Surface water 0.04 – 0.1
Raw sewage 0.15 – 0.30
Well-treated sewage 0.05 – 0.10

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Temperature
• Most biological processes speed up as temperature
increases and slow down as the temperature drops.
The rate utilization is effected by temperature.
• The relationship for the change in the reaction rate
constant (K) with temperature is expressed as:
KT = K20 x Ө(T-20)
Where
• KT = reaction rate constant at temperature T,
per day
• K20 = reaction rate constant at 20°C, per day
• Ө = temperature coefficient = 1.047
• T = temperature of biological reaction, 0°C
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
 Ultimate BOD (L0)

--------------=----------------------------

Where
• TL0 = ultimate BOD at temperature T, mg/L
• L
20 0 = temperature BOD at 20OC, mg/L

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Example:

The following data were obtained from an experiment to determine the BOD rate
constant.
T = 30oC, As = 100mL (total amount of water samples used in the experiment)
Time (days) DO (mg/L)
0 7.4
1 5.5
2 4.5
3 3.7
4 2.5
5 2.1

Question:
• calculate values of BOD3
• determine the BOD rate constant, K30
• calculate value of BOD5 at 20 OC

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 B) Chemical oxygen demand

Definition
• the quantity of oxygen needed to chemically
oxidize the organic compound in sample,
converted to carbon dioxide and water
• commonly used to define the strength of
industrial wastewaters

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

COD - Test procedure
• Add measured quantities of potassium dichromate, sulfuric acid reagent containing silver
sulphate, and a measured volume of sample into a flask,
• The mixture is refluxed (vaporized and condensed) for two hours. The oxidation or organic
matter converts dichromate to trivalent chromium,
• The mixture is titrated with ferrous ammonium sulphate (FAS) to measure the axcess
dichromate remaining in sample.
• A blank sample of distilled water is carried through the same COD testing procedures as the
wastewater sample.
• COD is calculated from the following equation:

Where
• COD = chemical oxygen demand, mg/L
• A = amount of ferrous ammonium sulphate titrant added to blank, mL
• B = amount of titrant added to sample, mL
• A = volume of sample, mL
• 8000 = multiplier to express COD in mg/L of oxygen

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Relation between COD and BOD:

• COD > BOD

• COD ~ ultimate BOD
• COD/BOD ~ 2, biodegradable organic
• COD >> BOD, non-biodegradable organic

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 COD - Effects

• Diseases

• Aesthetic

• disturb human
activity

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

COD - Laboratory analysis

• Diagram of laboratory procedure to determine total solid and total volatile solids
concentration of a water or wastewater sample.

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 Diagram of laboratory procedure to determine the suspended solid and
volatile suspended solids concentrations of a water or wastewater
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
sample.
Suspended solid concentrations

1. weigh a filter paper on an electrical balance

2. place the filter paper on the filter apparatus
3. apply vacuum and filter 100 mL (or a larger volume if total
suspended matter is low) well mixed sample
4. dry the filter paper in an oven at 1030C to 1050C for at least 1 hour
5. after 1 hour, cool the filter appear in a desiccator and weigh.
6. repeat the drying cycle until a constant weigh is attained or until
weight loss is less than 0.5 mg.
mg/L suspended solids = [(A – B) x 1000]/mL sample
where A = weigh of filter paper + suspended matter
B = weigh of filter paper

Total suspended = suspended solids + dissolved solids

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 2 - Inorganic Compound

• When placed in water, inorganic

compounds dissociate into electrically
charged atoms referred to as ions
• All atoms linked in ionic bond
• Can be classified into two:
Metal (e.g. Pb2+, Hg+2, Cu +2) non-
metal (e.g. Si+4, Cl_, NO3-)

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 THANK YOUR FOR
YOUR ATTENTION…..

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT