Fluid in Motion

Kinematics of
Fluid Mechanics
Fluid Motion . (Displacement, velocity, acceleration, ..etc)
Stream lines
Flow Field
Flow

Non-viscous Flow
2

(Ideal)

Real Flow
(Real)

Steady and Unsteady Flow

Steady
A steady flow is one in which the conditions
(velocity, pressure and cross-section) may differ
from point to point but DO NOT change with
time

Fluid

Unsteady
If at any point in the fluid, the conditions change with time,
the flow is described as unsteady

Valve

Uniform and Non-uniform flow

Uniform flow: If the flow velocity is the same magnitude and
direction at every point in the flow it is said to be uniform.
That is, the flow conditions DO NOT change with position.

Non-uniform: If at a given instant, the velocity is not the same

at every point the flow is non-uniform.

Stream Line, Stream Tube and Pathline

A stream line is a line that is everywhere tangent to
the velocity vector at a given instant of time. A
streamline is hence an instantaneous pattern.

v
v

Stream tube
A tubular surface formed by streamlines along which the fluid flows is known as a
stream tube, which is a tube whose walls are streamlines. Since the velocity is
tangent to a streamline, no fluid can cross the walls of a stream tube.

Pathline
A pathline is the actual path traversed by a given (marked) fluid particle.

Equation of Continuity
Control volume
A control volume is a finite region, chosen
carefully by the analyst for a particular problem,
with open boundaries through which mass,
momentum, and energy are allowed to cross

conservation of mass
Mass entering per unit time = Mass leaving per unit time + Change
of mass in the control volume per unit time

For steady flow

Mass entering per unit time = Mass leaving per unit time
7

Equation of Continuity:

Flow
V1

1- For One dimension:

Conservation of mass

A1

1A1ds1= 2A2ds2
Dividing by dt, we obtain:

ds1
ds 2
1A1
2A 2
dt
dt
8

V2

1A1V1 2 A 2 V2

A2
ds1

ds2

 1A1V1 2 A 2 V2 Const .
m
is the mass flow rate.
Where: m

= AV
m
For constant :

A1V1 = A2V2= Q

Where: Q is the volume flow rate.

d AV 0
9

d dA dV

A
V

Example-1

10

Example-2
If pipe 1 diameter = 50mm, mean velocity 2m/s, pipe 2 diameter 40mm
takes 30% of total discharge and pipe 3 diameter 60mm. What are the
values of discharge and mean velocity in each pipe?

11

One Dimensional Steady Flow

1- Eulers Equation

(Equation of Motion)

Applying Newtons law:

V

PA (P+dP)A - Ads Cos

dV
= Ads V
ds

F = mass x acceleration

P
d
+
P

W= Ads

V+dV
2

dZ

ds

dz
cos
ds
PA (P+dP)A - Ads
Dividing by

Ads

dz
dV
= AdsV
ds
ds

we obtain:

1 dP
dz

=
ds
ds
2

dP V
d
dz 0
2g

V2
d
2
1
ds
g

Euler's Equation

Bernoullis Equation- 2
From Eulers Equation: for incompressible, one-dimensional by
integration and take and g as constants.

V2
dP
dz Constant

2g

P V

z H
2g
Where: H is constant and termed as the total head

 Steady flow:

The Bernoulli equation can also be written

between any two points on the same streamline
as
TOTAL HEAD

v12/2g

v22/2g

p2/g

p1/g

z1

1
DATUM

V12

P1
P2 V22

z1
z2
2g
2g

z2

Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL) and

Energy Grade Line (EGL)
P v2

z H const .
g 2g
Each term in this equation has the dimension of length and
represents some kind of head of a flowing fluid as follows:
P/g is the pressure head; it represents the height of a fluid
column that produces the static pressure P.
v2/2g is the velocity head; it represents the elevation needed
for a fluid to reach the velocity v during frictionless free fall.
z is the elevation head; it represents the potential energy of the
fluid.

In an idealized Bernoulli-type flow, EGL is horizontal and its

height remains constant. But this is not the case for HGL when
the flow velocity varies along the flow.

Example(8-1)
Water is flowing from a hose attached to a water main at 400 kPa gage. A
child places his thumb to cover most of the hose outlet, increasing the
pressure upstream of his thumb, causing a thin jet of high-speed water to
emerge. If the hose is held upward, what is the maximum height that the jet
could achieve?

Solution
2
o p
p1 v12

v
2
2
m
gz1 m
gz 2
2
2

Z1 = 0.0, v1 = 0.0, v2 = 0.0, p2 = patm

1000 N / m 2 1 kg .m / s 2
P1 Patm
400kPa
z2

g
(1000 kg / m 3 )(9.81 m / s 2 )
1 kPa
1N
40.8 m

Static, Dynamic, and Stagnation

Pressures
The sum of the static, dynamic, and hydrostatic
pressures is called the total pressure. Therefore,
the Bernoulli equation states that the total pressure
along a streamline is constant.
The sum of the static and dynamic pressures is
called the stagnation pressure, and it is expressed
as

Pstag

v2
P
2

(kPa )

Measurement of static and dynamic

pressure
When static and stagnation
pressures are measured at a
specified location, the fluid
velocity at that location can
be calculated from:

p1 v12 p2

2

2(p 2 p1 )
v1

Pitot- Static Tube

Example(8-2)
A piezometer and a pitot tube are tapped into a horizontal water pipe, to measure
static and stagnation (static + dynamic) pressures. For the indicated water column
heights, determine the velocity at the center of the pipe.

P1 = g(h1+h2)
P2 = g(h1+h2 +h3)

Solution

P1 v 12
P2 v 22

z1

z2
g 2g
g 2g
Where z1 =0.0, v2 = 0.0 and z2 =0.0

v 12 P2 P1

2g
g
v 12 P2 P1 g (h1 h2 h3 h1 h2 )

h3
2g
g
g

v 1 2 gh3 2(9,81 m / s 2 )(0.12 m ) 1.53 m / s

Applications of Bernoullis Equation

:Flow through Orifice- 1

E1 = E2 + Losses1-2

V12

2
2

hloss
Fluid

P1
P2 V

z1
z 2 h loss12
2g
2g
From Continuity Equation

.H.G.L

Neglect hloss

A1V1 =
A2V 2
A1<< A2
V1 = 0

P1
P2 V22
z1
z2

2g
or

P1 P2
V22
(z1 z 2 )

2g

or

H
V2 2 g H

Q = A2V2

or

2
V2

2g
For ideal case without losses

Q A 2 V2 A 2 2 g H

Q actual C d A 2 g H

Q actual
Cd
Q theoretical

To measure the total head H experimentally:

V

By using the U tube manometer.

V
P

PL = P1 + 1h + 1y
PR = P2 + 1h + 2y
PL =
PR
P1 + 1h + 1y = P2 + 1h + 2y

2
dA

Flow

h
R

L
y

y
L

P1- P2 = y (2 - 1)
1 H = y (2 - 1)

y ( 2 1 ) 2
H
y
1
1
1

Q Cd

A 2 A1
A A
2
1

2
2

2 gH

Example:
A nozzle as shown in figure has the following data:
Q = 60 liter/sec. of water, d1 = 25 Cm., d2 = 15 Cm. and P1 = 1 bar. Find P2.
Neglect losses
1
Solution:
2
Applying Bernoullis equation between sections
)1( and )2(
E1 = E 2
2
P1 V1
P2 V22

z1
z2
2g
2g

)1(

Assuming no losses

Q = A1V1 = A2V 2

d12
d 22
4 60 10 3
60
V1
V2 V1
1.222
2
4
4
(0.25)

.m/sec

4 60 10 3
V2
3.398
2
(0.15)

.m/sec

P2 = 0.9486

bar

Substituting in )1(

Example:
A nozzle as shown in figure has the following data: For water, d1 = 20 Cm., d2 =
5 Cm., z1 = 5 m, z2 = 3 m, P1 = 5 bar, V1 = 1 m/sec. Find P2 and V2.
1

Solution:
Q = A1V1 = A2V 2
V2 = 1600
and

.Cm./sec

z1

Applying Bernoullis equation

between sections )1( and )2(
2
P1 V1
P2 V22

z1
z2
2g
2g

P2 = 3.9

bar

z2

)1(