NEWTONS LAW OF

MOTION

FORCE (F)
Described as either push or pull that can
cause a mass (body) to accelerate
(cause of motion)
A vector quantity that is the product
of mass (m) & acceleration (a).

F=ma
In MKS it is in unit : Newtons (N) , 1 N = 1
kg-m/s
In CGS 2it is in unit : dynes , 1 dyne = 1
2
Ing-cm/s
English
Units : Pound ( or lbs) , Poundforce (lbf)

FORCE (F)
CONVERSION
:

1 dyne = 1x10-5 N = 10-5

1 lbs =N4.448 N

COMPONENTS

Fy = 5 N sin

F=5
N

Fx = 5 N cos

KINDS OF
1.
Force due to Gravity / Weight
FORCES

FGRAV = W = mg, where (for earth) : g = 9.8 m/s2

or 32 ft/s2
m

m
W = mg

W=
mg

Weight is ALWAYS directed TOWARDS (attractive to) the

earth, even if the surface is at an angle.
Weight is ALWAYS acting on the body
Weight being a force is a VECTOR. Mass is
SCALAR.
It is possible to have zero weight , but mass is not zero. (i.e. objects in
outer space)

KINDS OF
2.
Longitudinal Forces
FORCES
Forces acting along the length of an object
Common in ropes, cables, solid cylinders
TENSION (T)

Pull Force on an object. Its end

effect is to STRETCH an object.

Length (L)

COMPRESSION (C)
Push Force on an object. Its
end effect is to FLATEN an
object.
- Compression usually is due to
normal forces between two
objects in contact

Length (L)

KINDS OF
3. Contact Forces
FORCES
Forces due to interaction between different
surfaces
FRICTIONAL FORCE / FRICTION
(f)

m
N

Force that oppose motion of an

object.

f
W = mg

Always parallel to the contact

surface & directed opposite the
motion of the object

NORMAL FORCE ( or N)
Reaction Force due to Weight of
the object(s) in contact
Always Perpendicular to the

W=
mg

KINDS OF
3. Contact Forces
FORCES
fN
f=N
Coefficient of Friction
S Coefficient of Static Friction
S = tan f , (This MUST be the Angle of
friction or repose)

K Coefficient of Kinetic Friction

KINDS OF
3. Contact Forces
FORCES
Equations for Normal & Frictional
Forces

W = mg

N=W=
mg
f = N =
mg

W=
mg

N = Wy = W
cos

N = mgcos

W=
mg

N = W y Fy

N = mgcos
Fsinf = N

f = N = mg
cos
f = (mgcos F

NEWTONS LAW OF
FIRST
LAW : Law of Inertia
MOTION
A body acted by NO net force either stays
motionless or moves, but with constant
velocity and zero acceleration
SECOND LAW : Law of Acceleration
A body requires a net force to accelerate
The acceleration is directly proportional to
the net force but inversely proportional to
the bodys mass
The direction of the net force is the same as
the direction of the acceleration

NEWTONS LAW OF
THIRD
LAW : Law of Action Reaction
MOTION
To every action there is always opposed an
equal reaction, same in magnitude but
opposite in direction.
m
W = mg
N

m
W = mg

FIRST CONDITION OF
EQUILIBRIUM
(FCE)
EQUILIBRIUM The effects of all forces acting on a
single point on the body cancel one another. There
is no change in motion
An object or body is at the state of Equilibrium,
when :
(1)The body stays at rest
OR
(2)The body moves in a straight line but in constant
or uniform velocity (No acceleration)
For Both :

Fx = 0 & Fy = 0

Therefore : R = 0 or Fnet = 0

FREE BODY DIAGRAM (FBD)

Used to analyze forces acting on a body by
isolating the body with all forces acting on it.
Steps
1. A. Represent the object as a point mass
B. If it is a system (multiple objects), a certain point on
it will be indicated for reference, use this as the point
mass.
2. Draw ALL forces ACTING ON the body from this point
Internal Weight
External Applied Force,
Friction
Normal Force (Coming from Other Body in
contact),
Tension (Always away from the
body)
3. Dont forget to show also the angle of the force (if

TIPS ON FBD
DONT Draw Vectors GOING towards the point mass (even
though it may show in the figure) draw it away from the
point mass,
it does the same thing.
EXAMPLE
1
WRONG FBD
CORRECT FBD

F
F

N
f

W = mg

N
F
W = mg

W = mg

TIPS ON FBD
EXAMPLE 2
WRONG FBD *

CORRECT FBD *

m
f

W=
mg

N
N

W = mg

W = mg

* Using the inclined surface as the x-axis

TIPS ON FBD
PULLEYS &
Pulleys are analyzed as frictionless & of negligible weight.
Weights
For FCE : Tension of rope or cable passing through the pulley
is equal to the weights HANGING from them.
T=W

T=W
T=
W1

T=W

T=W
2 kg

W = mg

T=
W1

T=
W1

T=
W1
2 kg

W1 =
mg

TIPS ON FBD

Using the inclined surface as the x-axis (rotate of

axis)
Must have at least
1 pair of perpendicular

forces and 90 angle is visible.

45

m
f

N
W=
ALLOWEDmg
since f & N are
Perpendicular

O
60

1000 lbs
NOT ALLOWED :No perpendicular
forces or angles with respect to point
O, thus not practical to use any
inclined as x-axis.

TIPS ON FBD

If a system consists of two or more objects. Multiple

FBDs may be required :

P
=?

A
A

Sample

FIRST CONDITION OF
Problems
:
EQUILIBRIUM
(FCE)

1. A 5 kg block will start to slide

down at constant speed from
a surface when it is inclined at
40 with the horizontal.
Determine the Frictional force,
Normal force and the
coefficient of static friction.
Solution : Draw the forces
acting on the body

g
5k

40
Draw the FBD

N
m

f
40

g
5k

f
40

N
W = mg

W = mg

FIRST CONDITION OF
EQUILIBRIUM
Since we have
perpendicular forces along(FCE)
the inclined (f & N) we
can use the inclined as our x-axis

Re-draw the FBD

Draw the component vectors of angled

vectors

Wx
40

40

W = mg

Wy

FIRST CONDITION OF
EQUILIBRIUM
(FCE)
Friction and
Normal force
and S

Wx
40

Fnet = 0

Wy

Fx = 0 (+)

Fy = 0 (+)

Wx + f = 0
f = Wx = Wsin

+ N Wy = 0
N = Wy =
N =Wcos
mg cos

f = mg sin
f = (5kg)(9.8m/s2)
N = (5kg)(9.8m/s2)
(sin 40)
(cos 40)
f = 31.5 N
N = 37.54 N
f=N
S = f/N = 31.5 N / 37.54
S =
= f/N
Nor = tan =
0.839
=
S

FIRST CONDITION OF
2. A woman at an airport is pulling a 15 kg suitcase (with wheels) at
EQUILIBRIUM
(FCE)
constant speed
of 2 m/s by pulling on the handle
attached to the bag (this
makes an angle above the horizontal). She pulls with a 56 N force, and
the frictional force is 20N. What is the angle , the normal force & the
coefficient of kinetic friction?
F = 56
N
N F = 56
N

Fy
N
m = 15
f = 20 N
f = 20 N
kg

Fx

f = 20 N
W = mg

W = mg

FIRST CONDITION OF
EQUILIBRIUM
Solving for
,Normal

force and (FCE)

K

Fnet = 0

N
Fy
f = 20 N

Fx

W = mg

f=N
= f/N

Fx = 0 (+)
Fy = 0 (+)
f + Fx = 0
+ N + Fy W =
0 Fy
f = Fx
N=W
f = F cos
N = mg F sin
2

N = (15kg)(9.8m/s
) (56N)
20 N = 56
(sin 69.08)
N(cos )
= 69.08
N = 94.69 N
K = f/N = 20 N / 94.69N
K =
0.211

FIRST CONDITION OF
3. A wet shirt weighs 4 N. It is hanged to dry on a metal clothesline. The
(FCE)
shirt is placedEQUILIBRIUM
at the very center of the length
of the clothesline, and
the angle formed with respect to the horizontal due to the weight of the
shirt on either side are equal. What are the tensions on each side of the
clothesline?
2m

0.4 m

T1

T2

T1y

T1x

W=4N
1m

0.4 m

tan = (0.4 m)/

= (1 m)
21.8

T2y

T2x

W=4N

FIRST CONDITION OF
EQUILIBRIUM (FCE)
Solving for
Tensions
T1y

T2y

Fnet = 0

Fx = 0 (+)
Fy = 0 (+)

T1x + T2x = 0 + T1y + T2y W

T2x
T1x
T2x = T1x
T1 sin=+0 T2 sin =
T2 cos = T1cos T1 sin W
+ T1 sin
W=4N
=W =W
T2 = T1
2(T1 sin)
T1 = W/ (2sin)
T1 = [(4N)/
T1 [2sin(21.8)]
=5.385N T2 = 5.385N

Q : What relates FCE to

Newtons First Law of
Motion (NFLM)?
A : FCE is an application of
NFLM. Where the object is
and must be at
equilibrium.

Recall : NEWTONS LAW OF MOTION

SECOND LAW
A body requires a net force to accelerate
The acceleration is directly proportional to
the net force but inversely proportional to
the bodys mass
The direction of the net force is the same as
the direction of Due
thetoacceleration
Body of mass m at rest
net force F going to the
on a frictionless surface

net

left the object will accelerate also

ato the left

Fnet = ma
m

Fnet

NEWTONS SECOND LAW OF

MOTION (NSLM)
If Fnet = ma
a

m
N

Possibilities :
F

W = mg

a) Fx = max & Fy =
may
b) Fx = max & Fy =
Purely Horizontal Movement

c) Fx = 0 & Fy =
may Purely Vertical Movement

NEWTONS SECOND LAW OF

Sample Problems :
MOTION (NSLM)a
1. A 5 kg block slides down a
plane inclined at 40 to the
horizontal. Find the
acceleration of the block
a) If the plane is frictionless
b) If the coefficient of kinetic
friction is 0.20

Solution : Draw the forces

acting on the body

40
Draw the FBD

a
m

f
40

g
5k

N
=

g
5k

N
W = mg

W = mg

f
40

NEWTONS SECOND LAW OF

Since we have perpendicular forces along the inclined (f & N) we
MOTION
(NSLM)
can use the inclined as our x-axis
Re-draw the FBD

Draw the component vectors of angled

vectors

N
a

N
a

Wx
40

40

W = mg

Wy

NEWTONS SECOND LAW OF

MOTION (NSLM)
Fnet = ma
N

Wx
40

Fx = max
Wx +(+)
f=
ma
ma =
Wx f

Fy = 0 (+)

+ N Wy = 0
Wy
N = Wy =
ma = mg sin f N =Wcos
mg cos
f=N
ma = mg sin - N
ma = mg sin mg cos
ma = mg (sin cos)
a = g (sin cos)

NEWTONS SECOND LAW OF

MOTION (NSLM)

1. A 5 kg block slides down a plane inclined at 40 to the horizontal.

Find the acceleration of the block
a) If the plane is frictionless
b) If the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.20

(a) a = ? If f = 0, hence = 0
a = g [ (sin 40) ( cos 40)
]a = (9.8 m/s2) [ (sin 40) 0 ( cos 40) ]
a = 6.3 m/s2
(b) a = ? If = 0.2
a = g [ (sin 40) ( cos 40)
]a = (9.8 m/s2) [ (sin 40) 0.2 ( cos 40)
]
a = 4.8 m/s2

NEWTONS SECOND LAW OF

2. A car (2,000 kg) is traveling at 28.7 m/s when the driver locks the
MOTION (NSLM)
breaks to stop the car. What will be the shortest distance ( from the
point where the breaks were locked up to the full stopping point), if
the coefficient of kinetic friction between the tires and pavement
(road) is 0.8?
VO = 28.7
m/s

Using Kinematics Eqn

(3)

VF2 = VO2 +
2as

VF = 0

s = (VF2
VO2)/(2a)

NEWTONS SECOND LAW OF

2. A car (2,000 kg) is traveling at 28.7 m/s when the driver locks the
MOTION (NSLM)
breaks to stop the car. What will be the shortest distance ( from the
point where the breaks were locked up to the full stopping point), if
the coefficient of kinetic friction between the tires and pavement
(road) is 0.8?
Using NSLM to determine the acceleration

FBD :
N

f
f

W = mg

W = mg

NEWTONS SECOND LAW OF

2. A car (2,000 kg) is traveling at 28.7 m/s when the driver locks the
MOTION (NSLM)
breaks to stop the car. What will be the shortest distance ( from the
point where the breaks were locked up to the full stopping point), if
the coefficient of kinetic friction between the tires and pavement
(road) is 0.8?
N
a
f

W = mg

Fnet = ma
Fx = max
Fy = 0 (+)
f = +(+)
ma
+NW=0
N=W
f=N
N = mg
N = +ma
mg = +ma
g = +a
a = g = (0.8)(9.8 m/s2) = 7.84
a = 7.84 m/s2, deceleration

NEWTONS SECOND LAW OF

2. A car (2,000 kg) is traveling at 28.7 m/s when the driver locks the
MOTION (NSLM)
breaks to stop the car. What will be the shortest distance ( from the
point where the breaks were locked up to the full stopping point), if
the coefficient of kinetic friction between the tires and pavement
(road) is 0.8?
VO = 28.7
m/s

Using Kinematics Eqn

(3)

VF2 = VO2 +
2as

VF = 0

s = (VF2
2
V
aO
= )/(2a)
7.84 m/s , deceleration
2

s = [(02 (28.7m/s)2]/[(2)
(7.84 m/s2)]

s = (823.69 m2/s2)/
(15.68 m/s2)

s = 52.53
m

NEWTONS SECOND LAW OF

3. A 3.5 kg pail is dropped into a 15 m empty deep well, starting from
MOTION (NSLM)
rest at the top. The tension in the rope is constant at 14.8 N as the
pail drops. What is the time to reach the bottom of the well?
VO = 0

Using Kinematics Eqn

(2)

h = VOt +
at2
Where a g
h = 15
m

NEWTONS SECOND LAW OF

3. A 3.5 kg pail is dropped into a 15 m empty deep well, starting from
MOTION (NSLM)
rest at the top. The tension in the rope is constant at 14.8 N as the
pail drops. What is the time to reach the bottom of the well?

Using NSLM to determine the acceleration

FBD :
T = 14.8
N

T = 14.8
N

a
W = mg
W=
mg

NEWTONS SECOND LAW OF

3. A 3.5 kg pail is dropped into a 15 m empty deep well, starting from
MOTION (NSLM)
rest at the top. The tension in the rope is constant at 14.8 N as the
pail drops. What is the time to reach the bottom of the well?
T = 14.8
N
a

W = mg

Fnet = ma
Fx = 0 (+)
Fy = may
(+)
+TW
= ma
ma = mg T
a = ( mg
T)/m
2
a = [(3.5kg)(9.8 m/s ) 14.8 N]/(3.5k
a = 5.57 m/s2 , (downward)

NEWTONS SECOND LAW OF

3. A 3.5 kg pail is dropped into a 15 m empty deep well, starting from
MOTION (NSLM)
rest at the top. The tension in the rope is constant at 14.8 N as the
pail drops. What is the time to reach the bottom of the well?
VO = 0

Using Kinematics Eqn

(2)

h = VOt +
at2
Where a g
a = 5.57 m/s2 , (downward)
h = 15
m
15m = (0)t + ( 5.57

m/s2)t2
15m = ( 2.785
2
2
m/s
t2 = )t
(15m/ 2.785 m/s2)
t2 = 5.386s2

t = 2.32 s

Q : What relates FCE to

NSLM?
A : FCE analysis is similar
to NSLM, but the systems
acceleration (a) is equal to
zero during FCE.

NSLM

Prob 4 : Given :

System is released from rest. Determine

the acceleration of the system, when it is
already in motion
a=?
Derive first the equation for the
m1 = 2
acceleration
Use NSLM on the first FBD (m1)
kg
S = 0.65
= FBD
0.2 of
m1

K
N
1

a
T

Fnet = ma
Fx = max
Fy = 0 (+)
(+)
f+T =
+ m 1a
+ N 1 W1
m
N1 =
= 0W1
2
f=N
N 1 = m 1g
FBD of
m2 T
N1 + T = m1a
m1g + T = m1a
a
We solve for T because it is the
common force between m1 & m2

W1 =
m1g

W2 =
m2g

T = m 1a +
m1g

(eqn
1)

NSLM

Prob 4 : Given :

System is released from rest. Determine

the acceleration of the system, when it is
already in motion
a=?
Use NSLM on the second FBD (m2)

m1 = 2
kg

Fnet = ma

S = 0.65
= FBD
0.2 of
m1

m
N
1

Fx = 0
(+)
Fy = may (+)

a
T

W1 =
m1g

T W2 =
2a
T = Wm
2 m2a

FBD of
m2 T

W2 =
m2g

T = m 2g
m2a

(eqn
2)

NSLM

Prob 4 : Given :

System is released from rest. Determine

the acceleration of the system, when it is
already in motion
(eqn 1 = eqn 2)
a=?
m1 = 2
kg
S = 0.65
= FBD
0.2 of
m1

m
N
1

a
T

W1 =
m1g

FBD of
m2 T

W2 =
m2g

m1a + m1gm2g
=
m2g
m1a + m2a =
m
2a
a (m1 + m2)m
g (m
1g2
=
)
g (mm
2 1
a=
(m11)+
m
m2)

NSLM

Prob 4 : Given :

System is released from rest. Determine

the acceleration of the system, when it is
already in motion
a=?

g (m2
a=
(m11)+
m
Solve first for m
the2)
value of m

m1 = 2
kg
S = 0.65
= FBD
0.2 of
m1

When the object is about to move

the frictional coefficient is static
and the acceleration is zero

a
T

W1 =
m1g

g (m2
0=
FBD of
(m
)
11+
Sm
m
T
The equation is reduced to :
a
m2)
0 = m2
m2 = Sm
= (0.65)
1
m
S
1
W =
(2kg)
m2 = 1.3
m g
kg
2

NSLM

Prob 4 : Given :

System is released from rest. Determine

the acceleration of the system, when it is
already in motion
a = ?Next we solve for acceleration
using K and m2
m1 = 2
g (m2
a=
kg
S = 0.65
= FBD
0.2 of
m1

K
N
1

a=

m
a
T

W1 =
m1g

FBD of
m2 T

W2 =
m2g

(m
)
1 1+
Km
m2) 2

9.8m/s [1.3kg
(0.20)(2kg)]

(2kg + 1.3kg)

a = 2.673
m/s2

NSLM

Prob 5 : Given :

Consider the figure shown below. Block A weighs 50N and

block B weighs 27N . Once block B is set into downward
motion, it descends at a constant speed.
a)Calculate the coefficient of kinetic friction between block A
and the table top.
b)A cat, of weight 50N , jumps on top of block B. If block B is
now set in to downward motion, what is its acceleration?

The working equation

is still

WA =
50N
This has the very
same procedure in
derivation for
acceleration using
NSLM as problem 1

B
WB =
27N

g (mB
a=
(mAA)+
m
mB)

NSLM

Prob 5 : Given :

Consider the figure shown below. Block A weighs 50N and

block B weighs 27N . Once block B is set into downward
motion, it descends at a constant speed.
a)Calculate the coefficient of kinetic friction between block A
and the table top.
b)A cat, of weight 50N , jumps on top of block B. If block B is
g
(mB
now set in to downward motion, what
is
its
acceleration?
a=

0=

WA =
50N

a) Solve for K
Condition : Block B
(& the system)
moves at constant
speed (a = 0)
downward

B
WB =
27N

(m
)
Km
AA+
gm(m
B) B
(m
)
Km
AA+

B)
0 =mm
B
K =Km
mAB/mA

K = (WB/g)/ = (WB/(WA)
(WA/g) K =
(27N/50N)
K = 0.54

NSLM

Prob 5 : Given :

Consider the figure shown below. Block A weighs 50N and

block B weighs 27N . Once block B is set into downward
motion, it descends at a constant speed.
a)Calculate the coefficient of kinetic friction between block A
and the table top.
b)A cat, of weight 50N , jumps on top of block B. If block B is
g
(mB
now set in to downward motion, what
is
its
acceleration?
a=
A
a
(m
)
KmA+
A

) A/g =
mA m
= BW
2
(50N/9.8m/s
)
mA = 5.102 kg

WA =
50N

b) Solve for a
Condition : Block B
now has additional
weight due to the
cat, the system will
now accelerate

mB = WB/g = (27N+50N)/
2
(9.8m/s
) kg
m = 7.857
B

WB =
27N+50N 9.8m/s2 [7.857kg (0.54)
a=
(5.102kg)]

(5.102kg +
a7.857kg)
= 3.86

NSLM

Prob 6: Given :
Consider the figure shown below. Block A is 1kg and block B
is 2kg. The inclined of block A is 50 with the horizontal while
that of block B is 25. In what direction will the system go
and what is the acceleration? Assume that the surface is
a
Assume direction is to the left. (This is
frictionless.
just an assumed or guess direction)

mA = 1
kg

A
A =
50

FBD of
mAN
a

B =
25
N

A = 50

WA =

mB = 2
kg

A = 50

WA =

WAX =
WAsinA

T
A = 50

WAY =
W cos

NSLM

Prob 6 : Given :
Consider the figure shown below. Block A is 1kg and block B
is 2kg. The inclined of block A is 50 with the horizontal while
that of block B is 25. In what direction will the system go
and what is the acceleration? Assume that the surface is
a
frictionless.

mA = 1
kg

A
A =
50

FBD of
mA
N

WAX =
WAsin

T
A = 50

WAY = WAcos

mB = 2
kg

B =
25
Fnet = ma
Fx = max
Fy = 0 (+)
WAX(+)
+ T = m Aa
WAsinA + T = mAa
(eqn
T = WAsinA m
Aa
1)

NSLM

Prob 6: Given :
Consider the figure shown below. Block A is 1kg and block B
is 2kg. The inclined of block A is 50 with the horizontal while
that of block B is 25. In what direction will the system go
and what is the acceleration? Assume that the surface is
a
frictionless.

mA = 1
kg

A
A =
50

FBD of
mB
a
T

B =
25

WB =

B = 25

mB = 2
kg

T
B = 25

WBX =
WBsinB
B = 25
WBY =
W cos

NSLM

Prob 6 : Given :
Consider the figure shown below. Block A is 1kg and block B
is 2kg. The inclined of block A is 50 with the horizontal while
that of block B is 25. In what direction will the system go
and what is the acceleration? Assume that the surface is
a
frictionless.

mA = 1
kg

FBD of
mBN

A
A =
50
a

T
WBX =
WBsinB
B = 25
WBY =
W cos

mB = 2
kg

B =
25
Fnet = ma
Fx = max
Fy = 0 (+)
T +(+)
WBX = mBa
T + WBsinB = mBa
(eqn
T = WBsinB + m
Ba
2)

NSLM

Prob 6 : Given :
Consider the figure shown below. Block A is 1kg and block B
is 2kg. The inclined of block A is 50 with the horizontal while
that of block B is 25. In what direction will the system go
and what is the acceleration? Assume that the surface is
a
frictionless.

mA = 1
kg

A
A =
50

B =
25

mB = 2
kg

(eqn
1)T = W sin + (eqn
T = WAsinA m
mBa 2)
Aa
B
B
g(mAsinA mBsinB)
(eqn 1) =
a=
(eqn2)
(mA+ mB)
(m g)sin m=a(m g)sin + m a
A

(mAg)sinA (mBg)sin
= mABa + mBa
g(mAsinA mBsin
= a(m
B)
A+ mB)

Substitute all given values :

The negative sign means tha
a=
the assumed direction of a
2
0.259m/s
was wrong. Hence it should
2
to the
a = 0.259m/s
toright :