Bipolar Junction Transistor

Ronel G. Jandi
Instructor

TRANSISTOR

A semiconductive device used for amplification and switching applications.

William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain were the co-inventors of transistor at Bell
Laboratories in 1947.

BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR (BJT)

The term Bipolar is because two type of charges (electrons and holes) are involved in the flow of
electricity
The term Junction is because there are two pn junctions
There are two configurations for this device

NPN and PNP Transistors

NPN Transistor
Transistor Currents
IE = I B + I C

PNP Transistor

Parts and Proper Bias

Parts :
1) Collector- moderately doped (collector carrier)
-the doping is between that of the emitter and the base
- largest of the three regions
2) Base - Lightly doped (control)
- controls the flow of carriers from emitter and collector
-smallest
3) Emitter - Heavily doped
- 2nd largest
- emits carrier
PROPER BIAS OF TRANSISTOR
For proper operation of the circuit
1) Emitter base junction should be forward bias
2) Collector-base junction should be reversed bias

Transistor Operation

BJT CONFIGURATIONS
Common Base

Input

Input

IC

IE

Common Collector

Forward
Current Gain

Typical values: 0.001 to 0.9999

IE
1
IB

Forward Current
Gain

Relationship of and
IE = I B + I C
Multiply with 1/ Ic
[IE = IB + IC] 1/ Ic
IE I B

IC

IC I C

IC

= / ( +
1)

1 / = 1 + 1/
Example No 1. Determine DC, IE, and DC for a transistor
where IB = 50A and IC = 3.65mA.

Current and Voltage Analysis

VCE = Voltage drop from collector to emitter

VCB = Voltage drop from collector to base
VBE = Voltage drop from base to emitter
IC = Current into the collector
IB = Current into the base
IE = Current out of the emitter.

. Example 2) Determine IB, IC, IE, VBE, VCE, and VCB in the
circuit. The transistor has a DC = 150

Example 3) Sketch an ideal family of collector curves for

the circuit for IB = 10A to 50A in 10A increments. DC
= 100 and that VCE does not exceed breakdown.

VCC

. DC = 100

Collector Characteristic Curves

Cutoff, Saturation, and The DC load line

Maximum Transistor Ratings

Ic = PD(max)/VCE
VCE = PD(max)/IC

Example 5) The transistor has the following maximum

ratings: PD(max) =800mW, VCE(max) = 15V, and IC(max) =
100mA. Determine the maximum value to whichh VCC
can be adjusted without exceeding a rating.

. DC = 100
VBB

VCC

Derating PDmax)
Example 6) A certain transistor has PD(max) of 1W at 25C.
The derating factor is 5mw/C . What is the PD(max) at a
temperature of 70C ?

The Transistor as a switch

+VCC
RC

0V

IC = 0

RC

RC

RB

IB = 0

a) Cutoff

+VCC

+VCC

+VBB

+VCC
IC(sat)

RC

RB

IB

B) Saturation

Example 7)
a) For the transistor, what is VCE when VIN = 0V?
b) What minimum value of IB is required to saturate this transistor if DC is
200? Neglect VCE(sat).
c) Calculate the maximum value of RB when VIN = 5V.
VCC
+ 10V

RC

VIN

RB

DC Operating point

DC Load Line

Linear Operation

Waveform Distortion

Example 1) Determine the Q-point, and find the maximum

peak value of base current for linear operation. Assume
DC = 200.
RC
330

RB
47k
VBB
10V

VCC
20V

BASE BIAS
+VCC

RC
RB

RC

VCC

RB

+VCC IBRB - VBE = 0

Example 2) The Base bias circuit is subjected to increase in

temperature from 25C to 75C. If DC = 100 at 25C and
150 at 75C, determine the percent in Q-point values (I C
and VCE) over the temperature range. Neglect any
change in VBE and the effects of leakage current.
+VCC
12V

RC
560
RB
100k

VOLTAGE DIVIDER BIAS

+VCC

I2 + I B

R1

RC

IC

IB
I2

R2

RE

IE

Simplified Voltage-Divider
+VCC

Input Resistance at the Base

+VCC

+VCC

R1

RC

R1
IIN

A
R2

a)Unloaded

+
VBE -

+
R2

RIN(base)

b) Loaded

VIN
-

IE

RE

RIN(base) = DCRE

Analysis of Voltage-Divider Circuit

+VCC

R1

+VCC

R1

RC
A

R2

RE

R2

RIN(base)

Example 3) Determine VCEand IC. Assume DC = 100

+VCC

10k

R1

RC

5.6k

R2

RE

1k

560

The End
Those who are enamored of practice without science are
like a pilot who goes into a ship without rudder or compass
and never has any certainty where he is going.
Practice should always be based upon a sound knowledge
of theory.
Leonardo da Vinci (1452 - 1519)
Italian artist, engineer, and inventor.
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