CHEMISTRY PROJECT

BY: AKHIL GAILOT

XI E
4

ACIDS

A substance with particular chemical properties including turning

litmus red, neutralizing alkalis, and dissolving some metals;
typically, a corrosive or sour-tasting liquid of this kind.
These substances have the ability to produce H+ ions in varying
amount depending on the concentration of the respective acid.
Depending on concentration an acid can be distinguished into two
diverse categories namely, STRONG ACID and WEAK ACID. A strong
acid is the acid which releases large number of H+ ions on attack of
suitable agents. However a weak acid is not as capable as the
latter in terms of production of H+ ions.
There also many other types of acids such as LEWIS ACID,
ARRHENIUS ACID etc. but these are in reference with the reactant
they are reacting with. Such acids are known as CONJUGATE BASE.
Also there is a very important concept known as the LOWRY
BRONSTED CONCEPT FOR ACIDS. We shall discuss this later.

BASES

Abaseis a substance that, inaqueous solution, is slippery to the touch,

tastes bitter, changes the color of indicators (e.g., turns redlitmus
paperblue), reacts withacidsto form salts, and promotes certain chemical
reactions (base catalysis). Examples of bases are the hydroxides of
thealkaliandalkaline earth metals(NaOH,Ca(OH) 2, etc.). Such substances
produce hydroxideions (OH) in aqueous solutions.
These substances produce OH- in various concentration. Depending on this
very fact there are two types of bases: STRONG BASE and WEAK BASE.
A strong base is one that gives a large number of OH - ions on dissolution in
an aqueous solution. However a weak base is one that does not release as
many OH- ions as the latter.

There also many other types of acids such as LEWIS BASE, ARRHENIUS
BASE etc. but these are in reference with the reactant they are reacting
with. Such bases are known as CONJUGATE ACID.
Once again an important concept in relation with bases, i.e. BRONSTED
LOWRY BASE.

LOWRY-BRONSTED
CONCEPT OF ACIDS
AND BASES

Proposed by Johannes Bronsted and his

companion Thomas M. Lowry.
According to this concept an acid is a substance
that is capable of donating an H+ ion and a base
is a substance that is capable of accepting an H +
ion, i.e acids are proton donors and bases proton
acceptors.
A common example is the dissolution of NH 3 in
H2O.
NH3 + H2O
NH4+ + OH-

LEWIS ACIDS AND BASE

This is yet another concept for explanation of

acids and bases.
This concept deals mostly with the phenomenon
of formation of H3O+ and OH ions for acid and
base respectively.
It deals with the concept of conjugate base and
acid.
It states that a strong acid has a weak base and
a strong base has a weak and vice versa.
Equation involved is as follows:
HA + H2O
H3O+ and A-

PH INDICATOR

There was a pH indicator we had used, its composition is as follows.

A universal indicator is typically composed of water,propan-1ol,phenolphthaleinsodium salt, sodium hydroxide,methyl
red,bromothymol bluemonosodium salt, andthymol
bluemonosodium salt.
We had also used pH paper. Which is a filter paper dipped and dried
in the above solution .

PH SCALE

Its the reference scale to which the color of the substance after
addition of universal indicator is compared to and the pH is
confirmed.
Hydronium ion concentration in molarity is more conveniently
expressed on a logarithmic scale known as pH scale.
The pH of a solution is defined as the negative logarithm to base 10
of the activity of hydrogen ion.
pH = -log10[aH+]
Its lower limit is 0 (acidic) and upper limit 14 (basic) and neutality at
7.

BUFFER SOLUTIONS

The solutions which resist change in

pH on dilution or with the addition of
small amounts of acid or alkali are
called BUFFER SOLUTIONS.
Buffer Solutions of known pH can be
prepared from the knowledge of pKa of an
acid an pKb of a base and by controlling the
ratio of the salt and acid or salt and base.
We have many types of buffers we shall
dicuss this further.

TYPES OF BUFFER
SOLUTIONS

There are two types of buffer solutions,

(i)Solutions of single substances:The solution of the
salt of a weak acid and a weak base.
Example:ammonium acetate, CH3 COONH4, NH4 CN act
as a buffer.
(ii)Solutions of Mixtures:These are further of two
types,

(a)Acidic buffer :It is the solution of a mixture of a weak

acid and a salt of this weak acid with a strong base.
Example: CH3 COOH, CH3 COONa.

(b)Basic buffer:It is the solution of a mixture of a weak base and a salt

of this weak base with a strong acid.
Example:NH4OH + NH4Cl

(2)Buffer action: Buffer action is the mechanism by which added

H+ions or OHions are almost neutralised; so that pH practically remains
constant. Reserved base of buffer neutralises the addedH +ions while the
reserved acid of buffer neutralises the added OH ions.

(3)Examples of buffer solutions

(i) Phthalic acid + potassium hydrogen phthalate
(ii) Citric acid + sodium citrate.
(iii) Boric acid + borax (sodium tetraborate).
(iv) Carbonic acid (H2CO3) + sodium hydrogen carbonateNaHCO 3. This
system is found in blood and helps in maintainingpHof the blood close
to 7.4 (pHvalue of human blood lies between 7.36 7.42; a change in pH
by 0.2 units may cause death).
(v) NaH3PO4 + Na3PO4
(vi)NaH3PO4 + Na3HPO4
(vii) Glycerine +HCl
(viii) ThepHvalue of gastric juice is maintained between 1.6 and 1.7 due
to buffer system.

BUFFER ACTION

AIM:- TO FIND OUT THE PH OF VARIOUS

HOUSEHOLD
ITEMS

APPARATUS:- PH INDICATOR, TEST TUBE, TEST

UBE STAND, BLEACH, CURD, KOKUM EXTRACT,
ORANGE EXTRACT, SHAMPOO, VINEGAR
TOMATO EXTRACT, ANTACID, SOAP, WASHING
POWDER.

OBSERVATIONS
SR
NO.

SAMPLE

pH

COLOR
CHANGE

NATURE

1.

VINEGAR

4.0

RED

ACIDIC

2.

ORANGE
EXTRACT

5.0

PEACHY
ORANGE

ACIDIC

3.

KOKUM EXTRACT

4.0

RED

ACIDIC

4.

TOMATO
EXTRACT

4.0

RED

ACIDIC

5.

CURD EXTRACT

5.0

ORANGE

ACIDIC

6.

ANTACID

8.5

TEAL BLUE

BASIC

7.

BLEACH

10.0

LIGHT BLUE

BASIC

8.

SOAP

11.0

AZURE BLUE

BASIC

9.

SHAMPOO

7.0

NO CHANGE

NEUTRAL

10.

WASHING
POWDER

11.0

AZURE BLUE

BASIC

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I have obtained this information from

the following trusted sources:
1. Wikipedia and NCERT 11 PART 1(FOR
DEFINITIONS)
2. CHEMISTRY ERRORLESS Volume 1
And GRB NEW ERA CHEMISTRY Volume
1 (FOR EXPLANATIONS)
3. Chemistry Auxillary( FOR READING
OF pH)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly, I would like to thank my Chemistry
Teacher , Miss Aashima for giving us such
a wonderful topic to do such an amazing
project.
Secondly, I would like to thank my family for
helping me in gathering information and
helping in the presentation of this project.