ETM7172 Power & BW Budget

L5
Optical Fiber Link

and LAN Design
ETM7172 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
MultimediaUniversity
Table of content
Transmission Type
Elements in Network Design
Factors for Evaluating Fiber Optic System Design
Link Budget Considerations
Power Budget
Power Budget Requirement
Example : Long-haul Transmission System
Example : LAN
Table of content (cont.)

Bandwidth Budget
System Rise Time
Example on STM-4, STM-16 and STM-64
Budget Summary
Sensitivity Analysis
Eye Diagrams
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)
Cost/ Performance Considerations
Summary
Transmission Types
Two types of transmissions:
1. Link (point to point)
2. Network
a. point to multipoint
b. Mesh
c. Ring
Elements of Link/ Network Design

Transmitter :
Operating wavelength (), Linewidth (),
Rise time, Bit-rate, Line format, Power level
Fiber :
SMF/MMF, Fiber type SMF28, DSF, etc,
Cable loss, Spool length
Rx :
PSEN, PSAT, Rise time
Elements of Link/ Network Design (cont.)

Connection:
No. of splice, Splice loss
No. of connectors, Connector Loss
In Line Devices:
Splitter, Filter, Attenuator, Amplifier
Insertion loss, Gain
The Main Question

In Digital System
- Data Rate
- Bit Error Rate
In Analog System
- Bandwidth
- Signal to Noise
Ratios
The Main Problems

Attenuation and
Loss
Dispersion

(cont.)
System Factor
Modulation Code
Bit Error Rate (BER)
(Digital Systems Only)
Signal to Noise Ratio
Number of Connectors
Number of Splices
Loss is
number of splices
Environmental
Requirements
Mechanical Requirements
Considerations
AM, FM, PCM or Digital
10-9 ,10-12 Typical
Specified in decibels (dB)
Loss increases with the number of
connectors
Loss increases with the
Humidity, Temperature,
Exposure to sunlight
Flammability, Indoor/Outdoor
Application
Optical Transmitter/ Sources

LEDs
Output Power
Modulation
Bandwidth
Center Wavelength
Spectral Width
Source Size
Far-Field Pattern
Laser Diodes
Output Power
Modulation
Bandwidth
Center Wavelength,
Number of Modes
Chirp, Linewidth
Mode Field of the
Gaussian beam
10
Optical Fiber
Multimode Fiber
Attenuation
Multimode
Dispersion
Chromatic
Dispertion
Numerical Aperture
Core Diameter
Single-Mode Fiber
Attenuation
Chromatic
Dispersion
Cutoff Wavelength
Spot Size
11
Optical Receiver/ Photodiode
Risetime/Bandwidth
Response Wavelength Range
Saturation Level
Minimum Detection Level
12
Simple Link
TX
O
A
O
A
RX
Medium and Devices
13
Link Budget Considerations
Three types of budgets:

(1) Power Budget
(2) Bandwidth or Rise Time Budget
(3)
?
14
POWER BUDGET
15
Power Budget Requirements:

PB : PRX > PMIN
PRX = Received Power
PMIN = Minimum Power at a certain BER
PRX = PTX Total Losses + Total Gain - PMARGIN
PTX = Transmitted Power
PMARGIN 6 dB
16
Requirements Contd:
Loss,L = LIL + Lfiber + Lconn. + Lnon-linear
LIL = Insertion Loss
Lfiber = Fiber Loss
Lconn.= Connector Loss
Lnon-linear= Non-linear Loss
Gain,G = Gainamp + Gnon-linear
Gainamp = Amplifier Gain
Gnon-linear = Non-linear Gain
17
dB, dBm, mW
dB = 10 log (P1/P2)
dBm Value % of 1 mW
0.0
100%
-13.0
5%
-30.0
0.1%
-40.0
0.01%
Power
Application
1.0 mW Typical laser Peak

Output
50.0W Typical PIN
Receiver
Sensitivity
1.0W Typical APD
Receiver
Sensitivity
100.0W Typical LED Peak
Output
18
Decibel to Power Conversion
dB
1
2
3
4
5
6
Power Out as a %
of Power In
79%
63%
50%
40%
32%
25%
% of Power
Lost
21%
37%
50%
60%
68%
75%
the power
-
20%
80%
1/5 the power
16%
84%
1/6 the power
12%
88%
1/8 the power
10
10%
90%
1/10 the power
Remarks
the power
19
Decibel to Power Conversion
dB
25
Power Out as a %
of Power In
0.3%
% of Power
Lost
99.7%
Remarks
1/300 the power
30
0.1%
99.9%
1/1000 the power
40
0.01%
99.99%
1/10,000 the power
50
0.001%
99.999%
1/100,000 the power
20
Example:
Power Budget Measurement for Long
Haul Transmission
185 km
Splice
Connector
PSEN = -28
PTx = 0 dBm
Attenuation Coefficient, = dBm
0.25 dB/km
Dispersion Coefficient, D = 18 ps/nm-km
Number of Splice = 46
Splice Loss = 0.1 dB
Connector Loss = 0.2 dB
PMargin = 6 dB
IS THIS
SYSTEM
GOOD?
21
Simple Calculation.
Fiber Loss = 0.25 dB/km X 185 km
= 46.3 dB
Splice Loss
= 0.1 dB X 46
= 4.6 dB
Connector Loss
= 0.2 dB X 2
= 0.4 dB
Total Losses = 46.3 + 4.6 +
0.4
= 51.3 dB
PMargin = 6 dB
CONCLUSIO
N: BAD
SYSTEM!!
PRX = PTX Total Losses
PMargin
PRX =
= -57.3
0 51.3 6
PowerdB
Budget, P < P !!
RX
SEN
22
How To
Answer
Place an
Solve?
But
amplifier
? What is the gain value?
And
Where is the location?
23
First we calculate the amplifiers gain..

Gain PSEN - PRX
Gain -28 (-57.3)
Gain 29.3 dB
To make it easy,Gain 30 dB
NowWhere to put the
amplifier?
24
Three choices available

for the location
Power Amplifier At the transmitter
Preamplifier At the receiver
In Line Any point along fiber
25
Let us check one by one

Power Amplifier: PTX + Gain =
POUT
0 + 30 = 30
dBm
But is there any power amplifier with 30 dBm
POUT?
NO, THERE ISNT
Hence
26
What about Preamplifier?

Remember
POUT received = -57
dBm
Preamplifier with 30 dB available?
Yes
But, can it take 57 dBm?
Typically, NO
Hence
27
Let us check In Line Amplifiers

30 dB gain amplifier available here
But,
What value can it take?

Typically 30 dBm
So
Now, we can find the location

28
Where is the 30 dBm point?

PTX Loss At That Point = 0 dBm 30
dB
Loss At That Point = -30 dBm
Assume Other Loss = 0, Loss At That Point = Fiber Loss,
30 = x Length of That
Point
Remember = 0.25,
Point Length = 30/0.25
= 120 km
But 120 km from Tx,
No. of splice = 120/4
= 30
Splice Loss = 0.1 dB x 30 = 3 dB
29
Also remember connector loss at amplifier and Tx

+ 1 connector at Tx
2 connectors
Connector Loss = 0.2 dB x 3 = 0.6 dB
Actually, at 120 km,

Total Losses = Fiber Loss + Splice Loss + Connector Loss
= 30 + 3 + 0.6 = 33.6 dB
33.6 dB > 30 dB!! NOT GOOD!
Now, We have excess of 3.6 dBFind the distance,
Fiber Loss Length = 3.6/0.25 = 14.4 km
Good Location = 120 km 14.4 km = 105.6 km
30
Let us confirm the answer

At 105.6 km from Tx,
Fiber Loss = 0.25 x 105.6 = 26.4 dB
No. of Splice at 105.6 km = 105.6/4 =26.4 = 27
Splice Loss = 0.1 x 27 = 2.7 dB
Total Losses = 26.4 + 2.7 = 29.1 dB
29.1 dB < 30 dB !!
CONFIRM105.6 KM IS A GOOD LOCATION!!
185 km
PTx = 0 dBm
Splice
105.6
KM
Connector
PSEN = -28 dBm

31
Example:
Power Budget Measurement for LAN
Server A
Server B
500 m
Using
850nm
PSEN = -25
PTx = -15 dBm
Attenuation Coefficient, = dBm
4.5 dB/km
Number of Splice = 0
Splice Loss = 0 dB
Connector Loss = 0.5 dB
PMargin = 2 dB
IS THIS
SYSTEM
GOOD?
32
BANDWIDTH
BUDGET
33
System Rise Time

Calculate the total rise times
Tx, Fiber, Rx
Calculate Fiber rise time, TFiber
Tfiber = D x x L
D = Dispersion Coefficient
= Linewidth
L = Fiber Length
Tx Rise Time, TTX = normally given by manufactur

Rx Rise Time, TRX = normally given by manufactur
34
Total Rise time, Tsys:

Tsys=1.1(TTX2+TRX2+Tfiber2)1/2
35
Bandwidth Budget
TX
O
A
O
A
RX
= T - T
Medium and Devices
36
What is a good Rise time?

For a good reception of signal
Tsys < 0.7 x Pulse Width (PW)
PW = 1/BitRate for NRZ

1/2BitRate for RZ
37
Example:
Rise Time Budget Measurement
for Long Haul Application
Tx rise time, TTX = 0.1
ns
Rx rise time, TRX= 0.5
ns
Linewidth()
= 0.15 nm
Fiber length = 150km
Bit Rate = 622Mbps
Format = RZ
38
Simple Calculation.
Fiber rise time, TF =Length x D x
Linewidth() = 150 km x 18 x 0.15 nm
= 0.4 ns
Total Rise time, TSYS = 1.1 TLS2 + TPD2 +
TF2
= 1.1 0.01 + 0.25 + 0.16
TSYS = 0.77 ns
39
Let say,
Bit Rate = STM 4 = 622 Mbps
Format = RZ
Pulse Width (PW) = 1/(622x106)
= 1.6 ns
0.77 ns < 0.7 x 1.6
ns
0.77 ns < 1.1 ns !!
Good Rise Time Budget!!

40
Let say,
Bit Rate = STM 16 = 2.5 Gbps
Format = RZ
Pulse Width (PW) = 1/(2.5x109)
= 0.4 ns
0.77 ns < 0.7 x 0.4
ns
0.77 ns 0.28 ns !!
Bad Rise Time Budget!!

41
Budget Summary
Option
A
Source (LED vs. LD)
Power
Budget
Bandwidth
Budget
Financial
850nm
Mediocre
Bad
Cheap
1310nm
Good
Good
Less
expensive
1550nm
Very good
Very good
Expensive
Modulation
Bandwidth
LED
NA
Bad
Cheap
LD
NA
Good
Expensive
Output Power
LED
Mediocre
NA
Cheap
LD
Good
NA
Expensive
Radiation pattern
LED (farfield pattern)
NA
Bad
Cheap
LD (Gaussian
beam)
NA
Good
Expensive
42
Budget Summary
B
Option
Fiber
Attenuation
Dispersion
Numerical Aperture
(NA)
Core Diameter
Bandwidth
Budget
Financial
MM
Power
Budge
tMediocre
Mediocre
Cheap
SM
Good
Good
Expensive
MM
Mediocre
Mediocre
Cheap
SM
Good
Good
Expensive
MM
Mediocre
Mediocre
Cheap
SM
Good
Good
Expensive
MM
Mediocre
Mediocre
Cheap
SM
Good
Good
Expensive
43
Budget Summary
C
Receiver (PIN vs.

APD)
Rise time/
Bandwidth
Response
wavelength range
Saturation Level
Minimum detection
level
Option
Power
Budget
Bandwidth
Budget
Financial
PIN
Mediocre
Mediocre
Cheap
APD
Good
Good
Expensive
PIN
Mediocre
Mediocre
Cheap
APD
Good
Good
Expensive
PIN
Mediocre
Mediocre
Cheap
APD
Good
Good
Expensive
PIN
Mediocre
Mediocre
Cheap
APD
Good
Good
Expensive
44
Sensitivity Analysis
Minimum optical power that must
be present at the receiver in order
to achieve the performance level
required for a given system.
45
Factors will affect this analysis

1. Source Intensity Noise - Refers to noise generated by the
LED or Laser
Phase Noise - the difference in the phases of two
optical wavetrains separated by time, cut out of the
optical wave
Amplitude Noise - caused by the laser emission
process.
2. Fiber Noise
Relates to modal partition noise
3. Receiver Noise
Photodiode, conversion resistor
46
4. Time Jitter and Intersymbol Interference

Time Jitter - short term variation or instability in the
duration of a specified interval
Intersymbol Interference
result of other bits interfering with the bit of interest
inversely proportional to the bandwidth
Eye diagrams - to see the effects of time jitter and
intersymbol interference
47
5. Bit error rate

- main quality criterion for a digital
transmission system
BER = Q [IMIN2/ (4 . N0 . B) ]
where :
N0 = Noise power spectral density (A2/Hz)
IMIN = Minimum effective signal amplitude (Amps)
B = Bandwidth
Q(x) = Cumulative distribution function (Gaussian distribution)
48
Eye Diagrams
49
Signal to Noise Ratio

SNR = S/N
S - represents the information to be transmitted
N - integration of all noise factors over the full system bandwidth
SNR (dB) = 10 log10 (S/N)
50
Cost/Performance Considerations
Components considerations such as :
Light Emitter Type
Emitter Wavelength
Connector Type
Fiber Type
Detector Type
51
Summary
The key factors that determine how far one can
transmit over fiber are transmitter optical output
power, operating wavelength, fiber attenuation,
fiber bandwidth and receiver optical sensitivity.
The decibel (dB) is a convenient means of
comparing two power levels.
The optical link loss budget analyzes a link to
ensure that sufficient power is available to meet
the demands of a given application.
52
Summary
Rise and fall times determine the overall response
time and the resulting bandwidth.
A sensitivity analysis determines the amount of
optical power that must be received for a system to
perform properly.
Bit errors may be caused by source intensity noise,
fiber noise, receiver noise, time jitter and
intersymbol interference.
The five characteristics of a pulse are rise time,
period, fall time, width and amplitude.
53
TUTORIAL
54
55
56
Thank You
57

ETM7172 Power &amp; BW Budget

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L5

Optical Fiber Link

ETM7172 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Table of content (cont.)

ETM7172 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Elements of Link/ Network Design

Elements of Link/ Network Design (cont.)

The Main Question

The Main Problems

ETM7172 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Factors for Evaluating Fiber Optic System Design

ETM7172 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Factors for Evaluating Fiber Optic System Design

ETM7172 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Optical Transmitter/ Sources

ETM7172 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

ETM7172 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Optical Receiver/ Photodiode

ETM7172 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Medium and Devices

ETM7172 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Link Budget Considerations

Three types of budgets:

ETM7172 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Power Budget Requirements:

1.0 mW Typical laser Peak

ETM7172 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Decibel to Power Conversion

1/5 the power

1/6 the power

1/8 the power

1/10 the power

ETM7172 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Decibel to Power Conversion

1/1000 the power

1/10,000 the power

1/100,000 the power

ETM7172 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

ETM7172 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Where is the location?

ETM7172 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

First we calculate the amplifiers gain..

Three choices available

Preamplifier At the receiver

In Line Any point along fiber

ETM7172 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Let us check one by one

ETM7172 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

What about Preamplifier?

ETM7172 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Let us check In Line Amplifiers

What value can it take?

Now, we can find the location

Where is the 30 dBm point?

Also remember connector loss at amplifier and Tx

Connector Loss = 0.2 dB x 3 = 0.6 dB

Actually, at 120 km,

Let us confirm the answer

PSEN = -28 dBm

ETM7172 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

System Rise Time

Tx Rise Time, TTX = normally given by manufactur

ETM7172 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

ETM7172 Power & BW Budget

ETM7172 Power & BW Budget