UNIT-V : APPLICATIONS OF GIS

Resource mapping
Groundwater
Flood monitoring & Wetland management
Forrest management
Landuse and Landcover analysis
Regional and Urban planning
Geology
Agriculture and soil
Integration with Remote Sensing

11/18/15

Unir-V Application of GIS - T.

Magendran

Resource mapping
Aresourceis a source or supply
from which benefit is produced
Resource mapping
An approach to delineating, measuring,
monitoring, and analyzing the natural
resources by the aspects of GIS with
feature mapping and object-based
classification

11/18/15

Unir-V Application of GIS - T.

Magendran

Methodology
for
GIS data
Processing

11/18/15

Unir-V Application of GIS - T.

Magendran

Methodology
for
GIS data
Generation of
thematic maps

11/18/15

Unir-V Application of GIS - T.

Magendran

Groundwater

11/18/15

Unir-V Application of GIS - T.

Magendran

RS & GIS for GW exploration

identification of artificial
recharge sites

Aim & Objectives

To
extract
information
on
the
hydrogeomorphic features of a hard rock
terrain
Designing
a
suitable
groundwater
management plan for a hard rock terrain
To exhibits reservoir induced artificial
groundwater recharge downstream of
surface water reservoirs.
11/18/15

Unir-V Application of GIS - T.

Magendran

Datasets used
Remotely-sensed data, viz. IRS-LISS-II
Existing maps, viz. Survey of India (SOI) Toposheets
Published geological map.
Field data, viz. depth to water level data of 18 dug
wells (CGWB 1980)
Pre- and post-monsoon data for three years
consecutively from 1976 to 1978 are used to determine
the nature of movement of groundwater in the area.

11/18/15

Unir-V Application of GIS - T.

Magendran

Methodology
11/18/15

Unir-V Application of GIS - T.

Magendran

IRS-LISS-II FCC (750 pixels by 750 pixels) (bands 432 in RGB scheme) depicts
reservoir induced recharge and better groundwater conditions along valley
fills. Anomalous growth of vegetation along valley fills and down stream of
reservoirs indicates improved groundwater conditions, the general direction
of groundwater flow and the extent of reservoir induced recharge.
11/18/15

Unir-V Application of GIS - T.

Magendran

Three-dimensional perspective view of the study area

11/18/15

Unir-V Application of GIS - T.

Magendran

10

Lineament map of the study area based on IRS-LISS-II data

analysis and field information. Rose diagram (Inset) shows the
general trend of the lineaments present in the study area.

11/18/15

Unir-V Application of GIS - T.

Magendran

11

Drainage network superimposed over the DEM of the

study area. Lighter tones in the DEM depict higher
ground, whereas darker tones indicate lower ground.

11/18/15

Unir-V Application of GIS - T.

Magendran

12

11/18/15

Unir-V Application of GIS - T.

Magendran

13

Suitable sites for artificial

recharge

11/18/15

Unir-V Application of GIS - T.

Magendran

14

11/18/15

Unir-V Application of GIS - T.

Magendran

15

Conclusion
This study has enabled an evaluation of the capabilities of IRSLISS-II data for comprehensive understanding of the groundwater
conditions of a hard rock area.
Digital analysis of LISS-II data has permitted identication of
groundwater recharge due to reservoirs in the study area.
This is further augmented by analysis of thematic information
derived from DEM and groundwater data in a GIS environment.
Integrated analysis provides a further insight into the
hydrogeological regime of the area which can be utilized for site
selection for articial recharge.
GIS facilitates conjunctive analysis of multi-parameter thematic
data and decision making for efficient planning for groundwater
management.
The spatial database developed during this study is being
improved by adding further information layers and a modelling
approach may be adopted in future using integrated GIS.
11/18/15

Unir-V Application of GIS - T.

Magendran

16

11/18/15

Unir-V Application of GIS - T.

Magendran

17

11/18/15

Unir-V Application of GIS - T.

Magendran

18

11/18/15

Well locations and

Unir-V Application of GIS - T.

value rangeMagendran
of specic capacity

19

(SPC) in the study area.

11/18/15

Unir-V
Applicationfrom
of GIS -geological
T.
Hydrogeological units
extracted
map of study area.
20
Magendran

11/18/15

(a) and lineament

distribution
Unir-V Application
of GIS - T. from
Magendran
Landsat TM image
(b) of study area.

21

11/18/15

Unir-V Application
of GIS
- T.
Groundwater potential
map for
specic
capacity (SPC)
Magendran

22

Flood
Monitoring
&
Wetland
Management
11/18/15

Unir-V Application of GIS - T.

Magendran

23

Definitions
Floods
A great flow of water; a body of moving water; the
flowing stream, as of a river; especially, a body of water,
rising, swelling, and overflowing land not usually thus
covered; a deluge; a freshet; an inundation.
Flash floods
A flash flood is a sudden inundation of water in low-lying
areas, usually brought on by heavy rain or a dam break.

11/18/15

Unir-V Application of GIS - T.

Magendran

24

What are different types of flooding?

River flooding:
River flooding occurs when heavy rains or rapid snowmelt
cause rivers to rise.
Coastal flooding:
Coastal flooding may occur due to tidal surges and flash
flooding.
Flash Floods:
Flash floods usually result from intense storms dropping
large amounts of rain within a brief period.
Dam Failure:
Dam failures are potentially the worst flood events. When a
dam fails, a gigantic quantity of water is suddenly let loose
downstream, destroying anything in its path.
11/18/15

Unir-V Application of GIS - T.

Magendran

25

Causes of floods
Storm
Heavy rainfall
Sudden melting of snow and ice in mountain areas
Failure of a construction in the water system (dike, sluice,
weir)

11/18/15

Unir-V Application of GIS - T.

Magendran

26

World Flood Map

11/18/15

Unir-V Application of GIS - T.

Magendran

27

11/18/15

Unir-V Application of GIS - T.

Magendran

28

11/18/15

Unir-V Application of GIS - T.

Magendran

29

Flood risks in India

11/18/15

Unir-V Application of GIS - T.

Magendran

30

Floods in Mumbai

11/18/15

Unir-V Application of GIS - T.

Magendran

31

Effects of floods
The main effect of the floods is
SOIL EROSION.
Floods take away the upper
fertile layer of soil with it and
instead brings with it the
unfertile clay.
Floods uproot the trees which
keep environment ecologically
safe
Floods make an enormous
impact on the environment and
society.
Floods
destroy
drainage systems

Benefits of flooding
However, floods (in particular the more frequent/smaller
floods) can bring many benefits, such as recharging ground
water, making soil more fertile and providing nutrients in
which it is deficient.
Flood waters provide much needed water resources in
particular in arid and semi-arid regions where precipitation
events can be very unevenly distributed throughout the
year.

Prevention of floods
The creation of flood plains and
winding streams are two of the
best ways to hinder the
accumulation
of
water
by
providing a route for the drainage
of water
Levees also impede the collecting
of water. Levees are embankments
composed of soil and earthen
material that are used to prevent
annual flooding in many areas.

FORMATION OF
NATURAL LEVEES

Flood Watch...
This means that flooding is possible with the watch area.
You should remain alert and be ready to evacuate on a
moment's notice.

Flood Warning...
This means that flooding has been reported, or is imminent.
When a flood warning is issued for your area, act quickly
to save yourself.
Go to higher ground, or climb to safety. Move to a safe area
before access is cut off by rising flood waters.

Integrated Flood Management

Flood Management in the context of Integrated Water
Resources Management, aiming at:
Sustainable development:
Balancing development needs and flood risks
Maximizing net benefits from floodplains:
Ensure livelihood security and poverty alleviation
thereby reducing vulnerability
Minimizing loss of life:
In particular through end-to-end FF&W Systems and
preparedness planning for extreme events
Environmental preservation:
Ecosystem health & services

New challenges!
Increasing Flood Risks
Absolute safety against floods is a myth
Climate change uncertainty
Growing environmental concerns

IFM: Principles

Mitigation and
Preparedness
Response
Recovery and
rehabilitation
Residual risks

IFM: Principles
1.
2.

3.
4.

Risk Management
Water Cycle as a whole
Flood and drought
management
Effective use of flood waters
Ground water and surface
water interaction in flood
plains
Multi-hazard approach
River basin as a planning unit

List of deadliest floods

Flood Management

Out of the country's total geographical area of 329 million

hectare, about 40 million hectare is prone to floods.

Till March 2007, an area of 18.22 million hectare has been

provided with protection against floods by way of
construction of embankments, drainage channels, town
protection works and raising on platforms.

Flood Management
In order to mitigate the damages from floods, a
nation wide Flood Forecasting and Warning System
has been established by the Central Water
Commission on interstate river basins and flood
forecasts are being issued through 175 Stations, out
of which 147 are river level forecasting Stations
and 28 are inflow forecasting stations on major
dams/reservoirs.

Flood Management
Forecasts about
water levels in rivers likely to be attained as a result of
floods
volume of inflow into reservoirs
are formulated and disseminated to various administrative
authorities of Central Government, State Government and
District Administration, media and other users on the basis of
real time data.

Role of satellite images in flood inundation

studies

Before and After Landsat Imagery for the Mississippi Flood

of 1997
(Photo Courtesy of Space Imaging EOSAT)

Softwares used for flood related studies

ArcGIS Hydro Data Model
GIS Stream Pro
RiverCAD

Flood warning system

The Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) will install an
automatic flood warning system for Mumbai by the monsoon
of 2006.
The system will consist of electronic rain gauges rigged to send
alarm signals to a central control room in the event of a rise in the
water level.

Wetland Management

11/18/15

Unir-V Application of GIS - T.

Magendran

47

Methodological ow of the process involved in linking

ecological and socio-economic variables.
11/18/15

Unir-V Application of GIS - T.

Magendran

48

Forrest management

11/18/15

Unir-V Application of GIS - T.

Magendran

49

11/18/15

Unir-V Application of GIS - T.

Magendran

50

Landuse and Landcover

analysis

11/18/15

Unir-V Application of GIS - T.

Magendran

51

Land use
Land useis the human use of land
Land use involves the management and
modification
ofnatural
environmentintobuilt
environmentsuch
as fields, pastures, and settlements.

11/18/15

Unir-V Application of GIS - T.

Magendran

52

Land cover
Land coveris the physical material
at the surface of the earth.
Land covers includegrass,asphalt,trees,
bare ground,water, etc.

There are two primary methods for

capturing information on land cover:
field survey and
analysis ofremotely sensed imagery.
11/18/15

Unir-V Application of GIS - T.

Magendran

53

11/18/15

Unir-V Application of GIS - T.

Magendran

54

11/18/15

Unir-V Application of GIS - T.

Magendran

55

11/18/15

Unir-V Application of GIS - T.

Magendran

56

Regional and Urban

planning

11/18/15

Unir-V Application of GIS - T.

Magendran

57

Urbanization Urban
developemnt

- A case study from Dehradun city

Migration of rural population to urban

area
Dynamic phenomena

11/18/15

Unir-V Application of GIS - T.

Magendran

58

11/18/15

Unir-V Application of GIS - T.

Magendran

59

11/18/15

Unir-V Application of GIS - T.

Magendran

60

 In order to identify the sites for urban

growth certain factors to be considered,
Land should be vacant or having low usage
value presently
Appreciable distance from river to avoid
flood hazard
Proper accessibility
More or less flat land
Good supply of water
11/18/15

Unir-V Application of GIS - T.

Magendran

61

11/18/15

Unir-V Application of GIS - T.

Magendran

62

11/18/15

Unir-V Application of GIS - T.

Magendran

63

11/18/15

Unir-V Application of GIS - T.

Magendran

64

11/18/15

Unir-V Application of GIS - T.

Magendran

65

11/18/15

magendran.t@ktr.srmuniv.ac.in66