TF 3102 METODA PENGUKURAN

03.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
MEASUREMENT
SYSTEMS
Deddy Kurniadi
(static) Augie
Widyotriatmo
Rizki Armanto
Engineering Physics Program
Institut Teknologi Bandung

CHARACTERISTICS OF
MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS
Static Characteristics
Dynamic Characteristics

TF - 3102 : Static
Characteristics

STATIC CHARACTERISTICS
Characteristics of measurement
system associated with a given
constant input, and observed after a
steady-state condition is achieved
Systematic Characteristics
Statistical Characteristics
Identification of Static
Characteristics
TF - 3102 : Static
Characteristics

SYSTEMATIC
CHARACTERISTICS
TF - 3102 : Static
Characteristics

SYSTEMATIC CHARACTERISTICS
Systematic characteristics are those that
can be exactly quantified by mathematical
or graphical means.

RANGE
SPAN
LINEARITY
NON-LINEARITY
SENSITIVITY
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
HYSTERESIS
RESOLUTION
WEAR & AGING
ERROR BANDS
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Characteristics

SYSTEMATIC CHARACTERISTICS
RANGE

Input Range
The input range of an element is specified by the
minimum and maximum values of Input, i.e. IMIN to
IMAX
Ex.: : Input Range of a pressure transducer 0 s/d 104
Pa

Output Range
The output range is specified by the minimum and
maximum values of Output , i.e. O to O
Ex.: Output Range of a pressure transmitter 4 s/d 20
mA
MIN

MAX

Range Input
: 0 s/d 104 Pa
Range Output : 4 s/d 20 mA

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Characteristics

SYSTEMATIC CHARACTERISTICS
SPAN
The maximum variation in input or
output of a measurement system
Input Span = Inputmax Inputmin
Output Span = Outputmax Outputmin

Example
A Pressure Transmitter has span as follows

Input Span = 104 Pa

Output Span = 16 mA

Input span : 104 Pa

Output span : 16 mA

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Characteristics

SYSTEMATIC CHARACTERISTICS
LINEARITY
An element is said to be linear if corresponding
values of Input and Output lie on a straight line.
Output of a linear system as follows

Outputideal= K Input + a
K = ideal straightline slope=

Output MAX Output MIN

Input MAX Input MIN

TF - 3102 : Static
Characteristics

SYSTEMATIC CHARACTERISTICS
NON-LINEARITY
An element is said to be non-linear if
corresponding values of Input and Output
does not lie on a straight line
Ex. : linear and non-linear curves :

TF - 3102 : Static
Characteristics

SYSTEMATIC CHARACTERISTICS
In many cases Output O(I) can be expressed as a
polynomial in Input In :
k=m

Out In = a0 + a1In + a2In + ...+ am In = ai In k

2

k=0

Ex.: The output of a thermocouple of copperconstantan (type T), is expressed in the following
polynomial
E T 38.74T , 3.319 102 T 2 2.071104 T 3 ... f (T 4 )
For range of 0 to 400 oC, the output voltage E(T=0) = 0 V &
E(T=400oC) = 20869 V. The linear equation in this range,

Elinear 52.17 T
The non linear correction function is :

error T 13.43T 3.319 102 T 2 2.071104 T 3 ... f (T 4 )

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Characteristics

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EXAMPLES
A differential pressure transmitter has an
input range of 0 to 2 104 Pa and an output
range of 4 to 20 mA.
Find the equation to the ideal straight line ?
A non-linear temperature sensor has an
input range of 0 to 400 C and an output
range of 0 to 20 mV. The output signal at
100 C is 4.5 mV.
Find the non-linearity at 100 C in millivolts
and as a percentage of span ?
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Characteristics

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SYSTEMATIC CHARACTERISTICS
SENSITIVITY
The ratio of output change and the input
change
sensitivit
y =

d Out
d In

Sensitivity of Thermocouple (Copper-Constantant) :

E T 38.74T 3.319 102 T 2 2.071104 T 3 ... f (T 4 )

sensitivit
y =

dE
dT

= 38.74+ 6.638 102T + 6.213 104T 2 + .....

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Characteristics

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SYSTEMATIC CHARACTERISTICS
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
In general, the output of measurement system
depends not only on the signal input but on
environmental inputs such as ambient temperature,
atmospheric pressure, relative humidity, supply
voltage, etc.

Two main types of environmental input

Modifying Input

This input causes the linear sensitivity of an

element to change

Interfering Input

This input causes the straight line intercept or zero

bias to change

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Characteristics

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SYSTEMATIC CHARACTERISTICS
Environmental Effects

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Characteristics

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SYSTEMATIC CHARACTERISTICS
HYSTERESIS
For a given value of Input, the Output may be
different depending on whether Input is increasing
or decreasing.
Hysteresis is the difference between these two
values of Output

Hysteresis I = Out In Out In

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Characteristics

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SYSTEMATIC CHARACTERISTICS
RESOLUTION
the largest change in Input that can occur
without any corresponding change in Output.

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Characteristics

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SYSTEMATIC CHARACTERISTICS
WEAR & AGING
These effects can cause the characteristics of an
element, e.g. K and a, to change slowly but
systematically throughout its life.
ERROR BANDS
Non-linearity, hysteresis and resolution effects in
many modern sensors and transducers are so
small that it is difficult and not worthwhile to
exactly quantify each individual effect.
The performance of a system is described in error
bands and in the probability density function
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Characteristics

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SYSTEMATIC CHARACTERISTICS
1
2h Outideal h Out Outideal + h

p O 0
Out > Outideal + h
0
Outideal h > Out

ERROR BANDS (pita error)

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Characteristics

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GENERAL MODEL OF MEASUREMENT

Out K I a N ( I ) K M I M I K I I I

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Characteristics

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GENERAL MODEL OF MEASUREMENT

Strain Gauge

R = 100 Ohm ; Gauge Factor = 2,0

Dynamic effect and non-linearity are neglected
The resistance of the gauge is affected by ambient temperature as
well as strain
The temperature acts as both a modifying and an interfering input,
i.e. it affects both gauge sensitivity and resistance at zero strain .

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Characteristics

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GENERAL MODEL OF MEASUREMENT

Model of thermocouple Copper Constantant

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Characteristics

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STATISTICAL
CHARACTERISTI
CS
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Characteristics

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STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS
OBSERVATION
Measurement of an individual variable

SAMPLE
Overall results of observation

AVERAGE
The total value of all samples are divided by the number of
samples
n

x
i 1

ABSOLUTE AVERAGE DEVIATION :

n

di

x x
i 1

n
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Characteristics

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STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS
STANDARD DEVIATION
Variability of a sample
n

2
xi x

2 : variance
(populatio
norbiasedstandard
deviation)

i 1

Note :

To obtain a reliable estimation of at least 20

data are needed
for a small number of data, unbiased or
sample standard deviation is defined by the
following
equation :
n
2

x
i

i 1

n 1

(*)

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Characteristics

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STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Example : The following readings are taken of a certain physical
length. Compute the mean reading, standard deviation, variance and
average of the absolute value of the deviation using the biased basis
Reading
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

X, cm
5.30
5.73
6.77
5.26
4.33
5.45
6.09
5.64
5.81
5.75

The mean value is

given by n:

xm

1
1
56.13 5.613 cm
x

i
n i1
10

1 n

xi xm 2
n i 1

1/ 2

(3.533)
10

1/ 2

0.5944 cm

2 0.3533 cm2
1 n
1 n
1
d i d i xi xm (4.224) 0.4224 cm
n i 1
n i1
10

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Characteristics

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STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Probability or Variability of a measurement
output (x) is the distribution of measurement data
to the central value (mean) or average
2
x x
1
p x
exp

2
2

p ,

p x dx 0.683

p 2 , 2

p x dx 0.955

p3 ,3

p x dx 0.997

Error 3 is called as a limit error

Error 0,68 is called the probable error, with 50% confidence
level

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Characteristics

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STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Repeated measurement :
Repeatability
The ability of measurement system to give the
similar output for a repetitive input
random effect on measurement system and environment

Lack of Repeatability
The common cause of lack of repeatability on
the output, is the fluctuative and random
environment input IM & II
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Characteristics

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STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Deviation of output from its average caused by
environmental inputs :
Out
Out
Out

I I
Out
I M
I

I
I M
I I

2
2
Out 2

Out
Out
2
2
2
I M
I I
0:
I
Standard Deviation
I

I M
I I

Mean value of output for a single element :

O ut K I n a N ( I n) K M I M I K I I I
Probability density function :

p O

TF - 3102 : Static
Characteristics

0 2

O O
exp

2 2

28

STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Accuracy & Precision

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Characteristics

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STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Accuracy & Precision

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Characteristics

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STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS
ACCURACY
The Accuracy indicates the deviation of the reading from a
known input, and usually expressed as a percentage of full
scale reading.
Ex. : A 100 kPa pressure gage having an accuracy of 1%
would be accurate within 1 kPa over the entire range of
the gage
PRECISION
The precision indicates its ability to reproduce a certain
reading with a given accuracy

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Characteristics

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IDENTIFICATION OF

STATIC
CHARACTERISTICS
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Characteristics

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CALIBRATION
Principle of Calibration
The static characteristics of an instrument can be
found experimentally by measuring corresponding
values of the input I, the output O and the
environmental inputs IM and II, when I is either at
a constant value or changing slowly.

calibration

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Characteristics

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CALIBRATION
Why calibration

Note :
Review for a measurement
system

Concept of Traceability Ladder

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Characteristics

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CALIBRATION
Ex.: Calibration for unit of length
BIPM
International
Bureau of Weights
and Measures
NPL
National Physical
Laboratory
BCS
British Calibration
Service

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Characteristics

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CALIBRATION
Definition of MEASUREMENT STANDARD
Standard of Measurement is all tools, artifacts,
procedures, instruments, systems, protocols or
processes used to define or realization of units of
measurement which has higher level of accuracy
Standard of Measurement is the physical
manifestation of a unit of measurement with a value
set to be used in the calibration process. Generally
only applies to a particular environmental condition
Standars of Measurement is an instrument with a
known quantity or dimension of which can be
compared with other measuring instrument.

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Characteristics

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CALIBRATOR
Calibrator is a device used
to calibrate an instrument.
Ex.: Block Calibrators
Block Calibrators is a
device used to calibrate the
temperature probe. It consists
of a block of metal that can
be heated with precision
temperature. Temperature
probe placed in the block and
the results compared with the
temperature probe
measurements of
temperature controlled block

Simulators and Signal

References

To produce a
reference electrical
signal

TF - 3102 : Static
Characteristics

Voltage
Current
Frequency

37

KALIBRATOR
Pressure Calibrator

This device is a
pressure measuring
instrument calibrator
based on the principle
of elements of liquid
column

Dead weight Tester

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Characteristics

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CALIBRATOR
Mass Calibrator

Primary Kilogram P1
New Zealand primary standard of
mass (called P1) is a stainless steel
weight, nominally (but not exactly) of
mass 1 kilogram.
Every 5 years a kilogram weight is sent
to BIPM for calibration, and when this
returns it is weighed against P1, thus
ensuring traceability of the mass of P1
to the International Prototype Kilogram
(IPK).
The mass of P1 has proven to be stable
to within 5 parts in 100 million since its
commissioning in 1956.
The stability of the mass of this weight
is monitored between calibrations by
regular weighing against two other
"primary" kilograms and by weighing
against mass standards of other
countries.

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Characteristics

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CALIBRATION WITH CONSTANT INPUT

Ex. 1 : Calibration of Pressure Gage
Find the instrument parameter with constant input

True value :
= 10,000 0,001
kPa
Ambient
temperature
= 20 1 oC

No

Output (kPa)

No

Output (kPa)

10,02

11

10,05

10,20

12

10,17

10,26

13

10,42

10,20

14

10,21

10,22

15

10,23

10,13

16

10,11

9,97

17

9,98

10,12

18

10,10

10,09

19

10,04

10

9,90

20

9,81

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CALIBRATION WITH CONSTANT INPUT

Average value
N

X
i 1

10,11 kPa

Standard Deviation :
N

x
i
i 1

0,14 kPa

Normalized Data

Zi

Xi X

Normalization is performed to
find the probability of
measurement data

Sebelum Normalisasi

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Characteristics

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CALIBRATION WITH CONSTANT INPUT

Distribution Function

1
f ( x) p x
e
2
Probability

2 2

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Characteristics

F ( x)

f x dx

Cumulative Probability

42

CALIBRATION WITH CONSTANT INPUT

Normalization

xx

z = 0 and scale of z is
dimensionless
Normal distribution
curve is valid for all
2
data set the normal
1
z
2
f ( z)
e
distribution table f(z)
2
and F(z)
F(z) describes the
x
probability and the
F ( z ) f z dx
data is in the range of

z to +z
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43
Characteristics

CALIBRATION WITH CONSTANT INPUT

Result of Ex. 1 :
Calibration result of
Pressure Gage
Average (mean) =
10,11 kPa
Variance : 0,14 kPa,

Confidence level of data,

9,97 to 10,25 kPa :
confidence level is 67%
9,83 to 10,39 kPa :
confidence level is 95%
9,69 to 10,53 kPa :
confidence level is 99,7%

Precision 100%
x

Bias xbenar x

Bias 3

Accuracy
100%
x

benar

Bias 3
Error 100%
x
benar

Pressure-gage

Mean = 10,11

Standard Deviation, = 0,14

True Value, xo = 10,00

Precision = 3 = 3 x 0,14 = 0,42

Relative Precision = 0,42/10,11

x100%= 4,1%

Bias = 10,11 10 = 0,11

Accuracy = bias + 3 = 0,53

Relative Accuracy = 0,53/10 x

100% = 5,3%

Error = 5,3%

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CALIBRATION WITH CONSTANT INPUT

Normalized Distribution
Accuracy, precision and error are
previously mentioned, under the
assumption that the probability function is
a normal distribution function
To test, the data is normally distributed or
not, a normal test can be performed
with,
Linear Test around the mean value or z = 0
Chi-Square ( 2) test
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Characteristics

CALIBRATION WITH CONSTANT INPUT

Linear test on Z = 0 (mean value)

F (z) : Cumulative Probability

The data are

arranged from the
smallest to the
biggest value
F(z) or F(x) are
plotted (around z =
0)
If a straight line were
obtained, and the
intersection of F(x) is
around x = 0.5, then
the distribution of
TF - 3102 : Staticdata is normal
46
Characteristics

CALIBRATION WITH CONSTANT INPUT

x

F(z)

9.81

-2.14

0.05

9.9

-1.50

0.1

9.97

-1.00

0.15

9.98

-0.93

0.2

10.02

-0.64

0.25

10.04

-0.50

0.3

10.05

-0.43

0.35

10.09

-0.14

0.4

10.1

-0.07

0.45

10.11

0.00

0.5

10.12

0.07

0.55

10.13

0.14

0.6

10.17

0.43

0.65

0.8

10.2

0.64

0.7

0.7

10.2

0.64

0.75

0.5

10.21

0.71

0.8

10.22

0.79

0.85

10.23

0.86

0.9

10.26

1.07

0.95

10.42

2.21

F (z)

Tes Normal - linier

-3.00

-2.00

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-1.00
0.00
z

1.00

2.00

3.00

Pada z= 0
1
0.9

0.6
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
-1.50

-1.00

-0.50

0
0.00

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Characteristics

0.50

1.00

1.50

47

CALIBRATION WITH INPUT CHANGE

Instrument Parameters with input
change

Sensitivity
Threshold
Resolution
Hysteresis
Offset
Range

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Characteristics

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CALIBRATION WITH INPUT CHANGE

To determine the instrument parameter with input change

Linear input - output

e o m ei b
m

N eo ei ei eo
N e ei
2
i

N ( eo ) ei ei eo ei
2

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Characteristics

N ei2 ei

49

CALIBRATION WITH INPUT CHANGE

eo e i

output (eo)

input (ei)

ei2

naik

turun

naik

turun

-1.12

-0.69

0.21

0.42

0.21

0.42

1.18

1.65

2.36

3.3

2.09

2.48

6.27

7.44

16

3.33

3.62

13.32

14.48

25

4.5

4.71

22.5

23.55

36

5.26

5.87

31.56

35.22

49

6.59

6.89

46.13

48.23

64

7.73

7.92

61.84

63.36

81

8.68

9.1

78.12

81.9

10

100

9.8

10.2

98

102

55

385

48.25

52.17

360.3

379.9

Linear equation : eo = 1.0823 ei -0,847

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CALIBRATION WITH INPUT CHANGE

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CALIBRATION WITH INPUT CHANGE

Linear equation (increasing) : eo = 1,08236 ei
1,025
Linear equation (decreasing) : eo = 1,08227 ei
0,669
Dead space: 0,37 kPa
Hysterisis:
Increasing
: eo = 0 ei = 0,9474
Decreasing
: eo = 0 ei = 0,6178
Hysteresis = 0,9474 0,6178 = 0,33 kPa

Dead space:
Increasing
: ei = 0 eo = -1,025
Decreasing
: ei = 0 eo = -0,669
Dead space = -0,669 (-1,025) = 0,37 kPa

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