Vedic Mathematics

Kate Pulford

Aryabhata (born 476 AD)

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Wrote Aaryabhatiiya - astronomy & mathematical text.

Earth rotates both diurnally & around the sun
Created first recorded sine tables
Calculated to 3.1416
"Add four to 100, multiply by eight and then add 62,000.
By this rule the circumference of a circle of diameter 20,000
can be approached

Mahavira (9th century)

Squares, cubics, square and cubic roots, plane geometry, shadows.
Solved higher order equations of n degree of the forms:
axn = q

and

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Brahmagupta (born 598 AD)

Wrote Brahmasphuta Siddhanta:

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Zero
00=0?
A0=0?
Pythagorean triples:

The height of a mountain multiplied by a given multiplier is the distance to a

city; it is not erased. When it is divided by the multiplier increased by two it is
the leap of one of the two who make the same journey
Chapter 12, verse 39

First known solution of quadratic equations:

Diminish by the middle [number] the square-root of the rupas multiplied by

four times the square and increased by the square of the middle
[number]; divide the remainder by twice the square. [The result is] the
middle [number].
Whatever is the square-root of the rupas multiplied by the square [and]
increased by the square of half the unknown, diminish that by half the
unknown [and] divide [the remainder] by its square. [The result is] the
unknown.
From Chapter 18, Brahmasphuta Siddhanta

The Vedic Period

2000 BC - 500 BC.
North-western India
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Four written Vedas

not of human origin

Modern Vedic Mathematics

Sri Bharati Krsna
Tirthaji (1884-1960)
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The Sutras apply to

and cover each and
every part of each
and every chapter
ofmathematics

SUTRA

TRANSLATION

Ekadhikina Purvena

By one more than the one before

Nikhilam Navatashcaramam Dashatah

All from 9 and the last from 10

Urdhva Tiryagbyham

Vertically and crosswise

Paraavartya Yojayet

Transpose and adjust

Shunyam Saamyasamuccaye

When the sum is the same that sum is zero

Anurupye Shunyamanyat

If one is in ratio, the other is zero

Sankalana Vyavakalanabhyam

By addition and subtraction

Puranapuranabyham

By the completion or non-completion

Chalana Kalanabyham

Differences and similarities

10

Yaavadunam

Whatever the extent of its deficiency

11

Vyashtisamanstih

Part and whole

12

Shesanyankena Charamena

The remainders by the last digit

13

Sopaantyadvayamantyam

The ultimate and twice the penultimate

14

Ekanyunena Purvena

By one less than the previous one

15

Gunitasamuchyah

The product of the sum is equal to the sum of

the product

16

Gunakasamuchyah

The factors of the sum is equal to the sum of

the factors

Ekadhikina Purvena:
one more than the one before

example: calculating 1/19

1 (one more than the one before: 2)
21
421
8421
68421 (carry 1)
368421 (carry 1)
7368421 47368421 947368421
052631578947368421
Eighteen digits (denominator - numerator) so STOP
Hence 1/19 = 0.052631578947368421 recurring

Nikhilam Navatashcaramam
Dashatah: All from 9 and the last from 10
Used for long calculations quickly:
Example: 10000 - 4679
9-4=5
9-6=3
9-7=2
10 - 9= 1

So 10000 - 4679 = 5321

Applications of Vedic Maths:

EDUCATION
easier than conventional arithmetic?
Maharashi School, Lancashire:
livelier classes, greater student enjoyment and
understanding, and increased academic
performance
(Mark Gaskell, 2000)
Average GCSE maths scores of over 80% all taken a
year early.

Enthusiasm and
interest!