Electrical Machines

LSEGG216A
9080V

Content of Course

Transformer Construction
Transformer Operation
Transformer Losses, Efficiency & Cooling
Transformer Voltage Regulation & % Impedance
Parallel Operation & Auxiliary Equipment
Auto Transformers & Instrument Transformers
3 Induction Motors Operating Principles
3 Induction Motors Construction
3 Induction Motors Characteristics
1 Induction Motors Split Phase
1 Induction Motors Capacitor & Shaded pole
1 Motors Universal
Motor Protection
3 Synchronous Machines
Alternators & Generators

Assessment
Theory Test 1
Theory Test 2
Practical Test
Quizzes
Theory Test 3

10
15
25
10
40 MUST PASS

Transformer Construction

Introduction

Describe the construction of the various types of lamination

style and core construction used in single phase, three
phase, auto and instrument transformers.
Identify the different winding styles/types used in
transformers.
State the methods used to insulate low and high voltage
transformers.
Describe the construction of transformer tanks for
distribution transformers.
List the types of information stated on transformer
nameplates.
Perform basic insulation resistance, continuity and winding
identification tests

Transformer Uses
Changing

Isolation

Voltage Levels
Current Levels
Impedance values

Transformer Operation

Primary coil is supplied with a AC voltage.

Current drawn produces a magnetic field

Magnetic field transported to a secondary coil via a

magnetic circuit

Magnetic field induces a voltage in secondary coil

V+

V+

Transformer Operation
Primary coil normally has a subscript of 1
Secondary coil has a subscript of 2

I1
V1

I2
V2

Core Types

Core Construction
Steel type
Laminations
core type
Shell type
Toroidal

Core Type
One Magnetic Circuit

Shell Type
Two Magnetic Circuits

Toroidal Core

Laminations
Why not just solid steel?
Eddy Currents

Why do we laminate the core?

Why do we laminate the core?

Eddy currents are large & losses are great
Large Number of flux lines cut

High voltage generated across core

Why do we laminate the core?

across core

Eddy currents are small & losses are reduced

Small Number of flux lines cut

Low voltage generated across
core

Losses due to Eddy Currents

Pe K e f B m t 1
Pe = losses in W/m3
Ke = Constant
F = Frequency
Bm = Maximum Flux density
=
Lamination
thickness
t1

Hysteresis Curve
Bigger the area covered, the more losses
associated with Iron losses

Silicon content 0 6.5%

Steel Types

Silicon steel is used for laminations

Why Silicon?
Small hysteresis curve area
Increases electrical resistivity Reduced eddy current size
Hardened grain structure
Reduced workability
Very low carbon levels <0.005% are called for or magnetic
ageing will take place
Losses will increase with age
Carbon can be removed by annealing in a hydrogen rich
atmosphere

Grain Orientation

Optimum properties are developed in the rolling direction

Magnetic density is increased by 30% in the coil rolling direction
Magnetic saturation is decreased by 5%
Given codes such as M-0, M1, M-2, M-3, M-4 and M-6

Non-orientated
Similar magnetic properties in all directions
less expensive
Used in applications where the direction of magnetic flux is
changing (motors and generators)
Given codes from M-15 to M-47

Grain Size
The larger the grain the less the hysteresis losses
2-10 W/kg @ 60 Hz and 1.5 tesla magnetic field
strength are common with a 150m grain size
heat treatment increases the average crystal size
Excessive bending, incorrect heat treatment, or even rough
handling of core steel can adversely effect its magnetic
properties

Amorphous Steel
losses up to 30% of conventional steels
Made by pouring molten alloy steel on a rotating cooled wheel .

This cools the metal so quickly that crystals do not form

high cost (about twice that of conventional silicon steel)
lower mechanical properties

Lamination Coatings
Increase electrical resistance between laminations
Provide resistance to corrosion
Act as a lubricant during die cutting

Can be organic or inorganic (such as Magnesium oxide)

Dependant on the heat treatment of the laminations
Wheather it is immersed in oil
The working temperature of the finished item

Magnetostriction
A property of ferromagnetic materials that causes them to
change their shape when subjected to a magnetic field
first identified in 1842 by James Joule
When a magnetic field is applied, the boundaries between the
domains shift and the domains rotate, both these effects
causing a change in the material's dimensions
losses due to frictional heating
The effect is responsible for the familiar "electric hum"

Winding types
Three types?
Magnetic leakage

Concentric

Higher voltage closest to Iron

Winding types
Sandwich or Pancake

Very high voltages on both windings

Winding types
Side by Side

Very good insulation between windings

Insulation of windings
Lacer
Oil
Traditionally a highly-refined (naphthenic) mineral oil
Polychlorinated Biphenyls PCBs

Transformer Tanks

Nameplate Details