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Wajiha Nawabi MD
What is
Anatomy
Macroscopic Anatomy
Gray anatomy
Microscopic Anatomy
Histology
Embryology
Regional, surface, systemic,
radiographic, endoscopic and clinical
anatomy
Language of Anatomy
International anatomical terminology
Latin
English
Anatomic Position
One consistent
position
Standing upright
with:
head, gaze (eyes),
and toes directed
anteriorly (forward)
arms adjacent to the
sides with the palms
facing anteriorly,
lower limbs close
together with the
feet parallel.
Anatomical Planes
is a hypothetical plane used to
transect the human body, in order to
describe the location of structures or
the direction of movements.
1. Median plane
or sagittal plan
the vertical
plane passing
longitudinally
through the
body, divides the
body into right
and left halves.
Midline = the median
plane
3. Transverse planes
are
horizontal
planes
passing
through the body at
right angles to the
median and frontal
planes, dividing the
body into superior
(upper)
and
inferior
(lower)
parts.
Anatomical Planes
BREAK
Thanks
Body apparatus
Skin
Bones
Skeletal system
Muscle
Vessels
Lymph
Nerve
Integumentary System
The skin, the body's largest organ, consists of the
epidermis, a superficial cellular layer
dermis, a deep connective tissue layer
Function of Skin
Protection of the body from environmental effects,
such as abrasions, fluid loss, harmful substances,
ultraviolet radiation, and invading microorganisms.
Skeletal System
divided into two functional parts
1. The axial skeleton consists of the bones
of the head (cranium or skull), neck (hyoid
bone and cervical vertebrae), and trunk
(ribs, sternum, vertebrae, and sacrum).
2. The appendicular skeleton consists of
the bones of the limbs, including those
forming the pectoral (shoulder) and pelvic
girdles.
Continues
Bones are classified based on their
shape
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Sesamoid Bones
Any
questio
n?
Thanks
A. Long Bones
Include the humerus, radius, ulna,
femur, tibia, fibula, metacarpals, and
phalanges.
Develop by replacement of hyaline
cartilage plate (endochondral
ossification).
Have a shaft (diaphysis) and two
ends (epiphyses). The metaphysis is
a part of the diaphysis adjacent to
the epiphyses.
1. Diaphysis
Forms the shaft (central region) and is composed of a thick tube
of
compact bone that encloses the marrow cavity.
2. Metaphysis
Is a part of the diaphysis, the growth zone between the diaphysis
and epiphysis during bone development.
3. Epiphyses
Are expanded articular ends, separated from the shaft by the
epiphyseal plate during bone growth and composed of a spongy
bone surrounded by a thin layer of compact bone.
Bone
B. Short Bones
Include the carpal and tarsal bones and are
approximately cuboid shaped. Are composed of
spongy bone and marrow surrounded by a thin outer
layer of compact bone.
C. Flat Bones
Include the ribs, sternum, scapulae, and bones in the
vault of the skull. Consist of two layers of compact
bone enclosing spongy bone and marrow space
(diplo).
D. Irregular Bones
Include bones of mixed shapes such as bones of the
skull, vertebrae, and coxa. Contain mostly spongy
bone enveloped by a thin outer layer of compact
bone.
E. Sesamoid Bones
as oval shape.
Are commonly found where tendons of muscles cross
the ends of long
bones in the limbs, as in the wrist and the knee
(i.e., patella).
Joints ( Articulations )
Joints (articulations) are unions or
junctions between two or more bones
or rigid parts of the skeleton
Synovial Joints
The articulating bones of synovial joints
are united by a joint capsule (composed
of an outer fibrous layer lined by a
serous synovial membrane).
The joint cavity of a synovial joint, like
the knee, that contains a small amount of
lubricating synovial fluid, secreted by
the synovial membrane.
Synovial joints
Muscle
Contractile cells which produces
movements of various parts of the
body.
Three types
Skeletal Muscle
Cardiac
Smooth
Skeletal Muscle
Voluntary and striated
40% of total body mass
Movement, posture
Origin more fixed, proximal attachment
Insertion movable, distal attachment
Endomysium (fiber )
Perimysium ( bundle )
epimysium ( whole )
Cardiac Muscle
Smooth Muscle
Involuntary and no striated
Walls of many visceral organs
Rhythmic contractions peristalsis in GI,
Uterine tubes, ureters and etc.
Thank
s
Thorax
Thorax
The thorax (or chest) is
the region of the body
between the neck and the
abdomen. It is flattened
in front and behind but
rounded at the sides.
The framework of the
walls of the thorax, which
is referred to as the
thoracic cage, is formed
by the vertebral column
behind, the ribs and
intercostal spaces on
either side, and the
sternum and costal
cartilages in front.
Thorax
Superiorly the thorax
communicates with the
neck, and inferiorly it is
separated from the
abdomen by the
diaphragm.
The thoracic cage
protects the lungs and
heart and affords
attachment for the
muscles of the thorax,
upper extremity,
abdomen, and back.
Sternum
RIBS
There are 12 pairs of ribs, all of
which are attached posteriorly to
the thoracic vertebrae.
The ribs are divided into three
categories:
True ribs: The upper seven pairs
are attached anteriorly to the
sternum by their costal cartilages.
False ribs: The 8th, 9th, and 10th
pairs of ribs are attached
anteriorly to each other and to the
7th rib by means of their costal
cartilages and small synovial
joints.
Floating ribs: The 11th and 12th
pairs have no anterior attachment.
Typical Rib:
A typical rib is a
long, twisted, flat
bone having a
rounded, smooth
superior border and
a sharp, thin
inferior border.
The anterior end of
each rib is attached
to the
corresponding
costal cartilage.
Atypical Rib:
The first rib is
important clinically
because of its close
relationship to the
lower nerves of the
brachial plexus and
the main vessels to
the arm, namely,
the subclavian
artery and vein.
This rib is small
and flattened from
above downward.
Costal Cartilages
Costal cartilages are
bars of cartilage
connecting the upper
seven ribs to the lateral
edge of the sternum and
the 8th, 9th, and 10th
ribs to the cartilage
immediately above. The
cartilages of the 11th
and 12th ribs end in the
abdominal musculature.
In old age, the costal
cartilages tend to lose
some of their flexibility
as the result of
superficial calcification.
Joints of the
Tubercles of the
Ribs:
The tubercle of a
rib articulates by
means of a synovial
joint with the
transverse process
of the
corresponding
vertebra. (This joint
is absent on the
11th and 12th ribs.)
THANK
YOU
Chest Cavity
The chest cavity is bounded
by the chest wall and below
by the diaphragm. It extends
upward into the root of the
neck and the clavicle on each
side.
The diaphragm, which is a
very thin muscle, is the only
structure (apart from the
pleura) that separates the
chest from the abdominal
viscera. The chest cavity can
be divided into a median
partition, called the
mediastinum, and the
laterally placed pleurae and
lungs.
Diaphragm
The diaphragm is a thin muscular
and tendinous septum that
separates the chest cavity above
from the abdominal cavity below. It
is pierced by the structures that
pass between the chest and the
abdomen.
The diaphragm is the most
important muscle of respiration. It is
dome shaped and consists of a
peripheral muscular part.
The origin of the diaphragm can be
divided into three parts:
A sternal part arising from the
posterior surface of the xiphoid
process.
A costal part arising from the deep
surfaces of the lower six ribs and
their costal cartilages.
A vertebral part arising by vertical
columns and from the arcuate
ligaments.
Mediastinum
The mediastinum, is a
movable partition that
extends superiorly to the
thoracic outlet and the root
of the neck and inferiorly
to the diaphragm. It
extends anteriorly to the
sternum and posteriorly to
the vertebral column. It
contains the remains of the
thymus, the heart and
large blood vessels, the
trachea and esophagus,
the thoracic duct and
lymph nodes, the vagus
and phrenic nerves.
Superior Mediastinum
(a) Thymus, (b) large veins,
(c) large arteries, (d)
trachea, (e) esophagus
The superior mediastinum is
bounded in front by the
manubrium sterni and
behind by the first four
thoracic vertebrae.
Inferior Mediastinum
(a) Thymus, (b) heart within
the pericardium with the
phrenic nerves on each
side, (c) esophagus and
thoracic duct.
The inferior mediastinum is
bounded in front by the
body of the sternum and
behind by the lower eight
thoracic vertebrae.
Pleurae
The pleurae and lungs lie on
either side of the
mediastinum within the chest
cavity.
Each pleura has two parts: a
parietal layer, which lines the
thoracic wall, covers the
thoracic surface of the
diaphragm and the lateral
aspect of the mediastinum,
and extends into the root of
the neck to line the
undersurface of the
suprapleural membrane at
the thoracic outlet; and a
visceral layer, which
completely covers the outer
surfaces of the lungs and
extends into the depths of
the interlobar fissures.
Trachea
The Bronchi
The trachea bifurcates
behind the arch of the
aorta into the right and
left principal bronchi.
The bronchi divide
dichotomously, giving
rise to several million
terminal bronchioles that
terminate in one or more
respiratory bronchioles.
Each respiratory
bronchiole divides into 2
to 11 alveolar ducts that
enter the alveolar sacs.
Lungs
Left Lung
The left lung is
divided by a similar
oblique fissure into
two lobes: the
upper and lower
lobes. There is no
horizontal fissure in
the left lung.
Question?
Pericardium
The pericardium is a fibro
serous sac that encloses the
heart and the roots of the
great vessels.
Its function is to restrict
excessive movements of the
heart as a whole and to
serve as a lubricated
container in which the
different parts of the heart
can contract.
The pericardium lies within
the middle mediastinum
posterior to the body of the
sternum and the second to
the sixth costal cartilages
and anterior to the fifth to
the eighth thoracic
vertebrae.
Heart
Esophagus
The esophagus is a tubular
structure about 10 in. (25
cm) long that is continuous
above with the laryngeal
part of the pharynx
opposite the sixth cervical
vertebra. It passes through
the diaphragm at the level
of the 10th thoracic
vertebra to join the
stomach.
In the neck, the esophagus
lies in front of the vertebral
column; laterally, it is
related to the lobes of the
thyroid gland; and
anteriorly, it is in contact
with the trachea and the
laryngeal nerves.
Thymus
The thymus is a flattened,
bilobed structure lying
between the sternum and
the pericardium in the
anterior mediastinum.
In the newborn infant, it
reaches its largest size
relative to the size of the
body.
The thymus continues to
grow until puberty. It has
a pink, lobulated
appearance and is the site
for development of T
(thymic) lymphocytes.
THE END
THANK YOU
External oblique
Origin:
Lower eight ribs.
Insertion:
Xiphoid process, linea alba,
pubic crest, pubic tubercle,
iliac crest.
Nerve Supply:
Lower six thoracic nerves and
iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal
nerves (L1).
Action:
Supports abdominal contents;
compresses abdominal
contents; assists in flexing and
rotation of trunk; assists in
forced expiration, micturition,
defecation, parturition, and
vomiting.
Internal oblique
Origin:
Iliac crest.
Insertion:
Costal cartilages of 8 to
12 ribs, xiphoid process,
linea alba, symphysis
pubis.
Nerve supply:
Lower six thoracic
nerves and
iliohypogastric and
ilioinguinal nerves (L1).
Action:
As above.
Transversus
Origin:
Lower six costal
cartilages, iliac crest.
Insertion:
Xiphoid process, linea
alba, symphysis pubis &
aponeurosis of posterior.
Nerve supply:
Lower six thoracic
nerves and
iliohypogastric and
ilioinguinal nerves (L1).
Action:
Compresses abdominal
contents.
Rectus abdominis
Origin:
Symphysis pubis or pubic
crest.
Insertion:
Fifth, sixth, and seventh
costal cartilages and
xiphoid process.
Nerve supply:
Lower six thoracic nerves.
Action:
Compresses abdominal
contents and flexes
vertebral column;
accessory muscle of
expiration.
Pyramidalis
Origin:
Anterior surface of
pubis.
Insertion:
Linea alba.
Nerve supply:
12th thoracic nerve.
Action:
Tenses the linea
alba.
Parietal Peritoneum
The walls of the
abdomen are lined
with parietal
peritoneum.
This is a thin
serous membrane
and is continuous
below with the
parietal
peritoneum lining
the pelvis.
Inguinal Canal
The inguinal canal is an
oblique passage through
the lower part of the
anterior abdominal wall.
In the males, it allows
structures to pass to and
from the testis to the
abdomen.
females it allows the
round ligament of the
uterus to pass from the
uterus to the labium
majus.
The canal is about 1.5 in.
(4 cm) long in the adult
and extends from the
deep inguinal ring.
Spermatic Cord
The spermatic cord is a collection
of structures that pass through
the inguinal canal to and from the
testis.
It begins at the deep inguinal ring
lateral to the inferior epigastric
artery and ends at the testis.
Structures of the Spermatic Cord:
The structures are as follows:
Vas deferens
Testicular artery
Testicular veins (pampiniform
plexus)
Testicular lymph vessels
Autonomic nerves
Remains of the processus
vaginalis
Genital branch of the
genitofemoral nerve, which
supplies the cremaster muscle
Testicular Veins:
Lymph Vessels:
Autonomic Nerves:
Run with the testicular
artery from the renal
or aortic sympathetic
plexuses.
Processus Vaginalis:
The remains of the
processus vaginalis
are present within the
cord.
Genital Branch of the
Genitofemoral Nerve:
This nerve supplies
the cremaster muscle.
Scrotum
Testis
The testis is a firm, mobile
organ lying within the scrotum.
The left testis usually lies at a
lower level than the right.
Each testis is surrounded by a
tough fibrous capsule, the
tunica albuginea.
Extending from the inner
surface of the capsule is a
series of fibrous septa that
divide the interior of the organ
into lobules. Lying within each
lobule are one to three coiled
seminiferous tubules. The
tubules open into a network of
channels called the rete testis.
Small efferent ductules
connect the rete testis to the
upper end of the epididymis.
Normal
spermatogenesis can
occur only if the testes
are at a temperature
lower than that of the
abdominal cavity.
The control of
testicular temperature
in the scrotum is not
fully understood, but
the surface area of the
scrotal skin can be
changed reflexly by
the contraction of the
dartos and cremaster
muscles.
Epididymis
The epididymis is a
firm structure lying
posterior to the
testis, with the vas
deferens lying on
its medial side.
It has an expanded
upper end, the
head, a body, and
a pointed tail
inferiorly.
Any
question?
Thanks