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Anatomy l

Wajiha Nawabi MD

What is

Anatomy

Macroscopic Anatomy
Gray anatomy

Microscopic Anatomy
Histology
Embryology
Regional, surface, systemic,
radiographic, endoscopic and clinical
anatomy

Language of Anatomy
International anatomical terminology
Latin
English

axillary fossa vs armpit


collarbone vs clavicle

Anatomic Position
One consistent
position
Standing upright
with:
head, gaze (eyes),
and toes directed
anteriorly (forward)
arms adjacent to the
sides with the palms
facing anteriorly,
lower limbs close
together with the
feet parallel.

Anatomical Planes
is a hypothetical plane used to
transect the human body, in order to
describe the location of structures or
the direction of movements.

1. Median plane
or sagittal plan

the vertical
plane passing
longitudinally
through the
body, divides the
body into right
and left halves.
Midline = the median
plane

2. Frontal (coronal) planes


are
vertical
planes
passing
through
the
body at right
angles to the
median
plane,
dividing
the
body
into
anterior
(front)
and
posterior
(back) parts.

3. Transverse planes

are
horizontal
planes
passing
through the body at
right angles to the
median and frontal
planes, dividing the
body into superior
(upper)
and
inferior
(lower)
parts.

Anatomical Planes

BREAK

Thanks

Body apparatus

Skin
Bones
Skeletal system
Muscle
Vessels
Lymph
Nerve

Integumentary system ( dermatology ) skin


Skeletal system ( osteology ) Bones & cartilage
Articular system ( arthrology ) joints
Muscular system ( myology ) muscles
Nervous system ( neurology ) CNS and PNS
Circulatory system ( angiology )
Cardiovascular and lymphatic system
Cardiovascular ( cardiology )

Alimentary or digestive system ( gastroenterology )


Respiratory system ( pulmonology )
Urinary system ( urology )
Genital ( reproductive ) system
Gynecology (female)
Andrology ( male )

Endocrine system ( endocrinology )

Integumentary System
The skin, the body's largest organ, consists of the
epidermis, a superficial cellular layer
dermis, a deep connective tissue layer

The epidermis is a keratinized epithelium that is, it has a tough, horny


superficial layer that provides a protective of deep or basal layer. The
epidermis has no blood vessels or lymphatics.
The dermis is supplied by arteries that enter its deep surface to form a
cutaneous plexus. The skin is also supplied with afferent nerve endings
that are sensitive to touch, irritation (pain), and temperature. Most
nerves are in the dermis, but a few penetrate the epidermis.
The dermis is a dense layer of interlacing collagen and elastic fibers.
These fibers provide skin tone and account for the strength and
toughness of skin.

Function of Skin
Protection of the body from environmental effects,
such as abrasions, fluid loss, harmful substances,
ultraviolet radiation, and invading microorganisms.

Heat regulation through the evaporation of sweat


and/or the dilation or constriction of superficial
blood vessels.
Sensation (e.g., pain) by way of superficial nerves
and their sensory endings.
Synthesis and storage of vitamin D.

Skeletal System
divided into two functional parts
1. The axial skeleton consists of the bones
of the head (cranium or skull), neck (hyoid
bone and cervical vertebrae), and trunk
(ribs, sternum, vertebrae, and sacrum).
2. The appendicular skeleton consists of
the bones of the limbs, including those
forming the pectoral (shoulder) and pelvic
girdles.

The skeleton is composed of cartilages and


bones.
Cartilage is a resilient, semi rigid form of
connective tissue that forms parts of the
skeleton where more flexibility is required
ex: articulating surfaces
- articular cartilage

it is avascular NO BLOOD VESSELS; its


cells obtain oxygen and nutrients by
diffusion.

Bones calcified connective tissue consisting of cells


(osteocytes) embedded in a matrix of ground substance
and collagen fibers, have a superficial thin layer of
compact bone around a central mass of spongy bone,
and contain internal soft tissue, the marrow - where
blood cells are formed.
support for the body or it is the supporting tissue of the
body.
protection for vital structures (e.g., the heart).
mechanical basis for movement .
storage for salts (e.g., calcium and phosphorus).
Cells for blood formation

Continues
Bones are classified based on their
shape

Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Sesamoid Bones

Any
questio
n?
Thanks

A. Long Bones
Include the humerus, radius, ulna,
femur, tibia, fibula, metacarpals, and
phalanges.
Develop by replacement of hyaline
cartilage plate (endochondral
ossification).
Have a shaft (diaphysis) and two
ends (epiphyses). The metaphysis is
a part of the diaphysis adjacent to
the epiphyses.

1. Diaphysis
Forms the shaft (central region) and is composed of a thick tube
of
compact bone that encloses the marrow cavity.
2. Metaphysis
Is a part of the diaphysis, the growth zone between the diaphysis
and epiphysis during bone development.
3. Epiphyses
Are expanded articular ends, separated from the shaft by the
epiphyseal plate during bone growth and composed of a spongy
bone surrounded by a thin layer of compact bone.

Bone

B. Short Bones
Include the carpal and tarsal bones and are
approximately cuboid shaped. Are composed of
spongy bone and marrow surrounded by a thin outer
layer of compact bone.
C. Flat Bones
Include the ribs, sternum, scapulae, and bones in the
vault of the skull. Consist of two layers of compact
bone enclosing spongy bone and marrow space
(diplo).

D. Irregular Bones
Include bones of mixed shapes such as bones of the
skull, vertebrae, and coxa. Contain mostly spongy
bone enveloped by a thin outer layer of compact
bone.

E. Sesamoid Bones
as oval shape.
Are commonly found where tendons of muscles cross
the ends of long
bones in the limbs, as in the wrist and the knee
(i.e., patella).

Joints ( Articulations )
Joints (articulations) are unions or
junctions between two or more bones
or rigid parts of the skeleton

Synovial Joints
The articulating bones of synovial joints
are united by a joint capsule (composed
of an outer fibrous layer lined by a
serous synovial membrane).
The joint cavity of a synovial joint, like
the knee, that contains a small amount of
lubricating synovial fluid, secreted by
the synovial membrane.

Synovial joints

Muscle
Contractile cells which produces
movements of various parts of the
body.
Three types
Skeletal Muscle
Cardiac
Smooth

Skeletal Muscle
Voluntary and striated
40% of total body mass
Movement, posture
Origin more fixed, proximal attachment
Insertion movable, distal attachment
Endomysium (fiber )
Perimysium ( bundle )
epimysium ( whole )

Cardiac Muscle

Involuntary and striated


Myocardium Pericardium
Contractile force lesser than skeleton
muscles.

Smooth Muscle
Involuntary and no striated
Walls of many visceral organs
Rhythmic contractions peristalsis in GI,
Uterine tubes, ureters and etc.

Structures associated with muscles

Tendon fibrous band connects muscles to


bones.
Ligament fibrous bands connect bone to
bone.
Bursae A bursa is a flat, fluid-filled sac
found between a bone and a tendon or
muscle. to help the tendon or muscle slide
smoothly over the bone.

Thanks for watching

Thank
s

Thorax

Thorax
The thorax (or chest) is
the region of the body
between the neck and the
abdomen. It is flattened
in front and behind but
rounded at the sides.
The framework of the
walls of the thorax, which
is referred to as the
thoracic cage, is formed
by the vertebral column
behind, the ribs and
intercostal spaces on
either side, and the
sternum and costal
cartilages in front.

Thorax
Superiorly the thorax
communicates with the
neck, and inferiorly it is
separated from the
abdomen by the
diaphragm.
The thoracic cage
protects the lungs and
heart and affords
attachment for the
muscles of the thorax,
upper extremity,
abdomen, and back.

The cavity of the thorax can


be divided into a median
partition, called the
mediastinum, and the laterally
placed pleurae and lungs.
The lungs are covered by a
thin membrane called the
visceral pleura, which passes
from each lung at its root (i.e.,
where the main air passages
and blood vessels enter) to the
inner surface of the chest wall,
where it is called the parietal
pleura.
In this manner, two
membranous sacs called the
pleural cavities are formed,
one on each side of the thorax,
between the lungs and the
thoracic walls.

Structure of the Thoracic Wall:


The thoracic wall is covered
on the outside by skin and by
muscles attaching the
shoulder girdle to the trunk.
The thoracic wall is formed
posteriorly by the thoracic
part of the vertebral column;
anteriorly by the sternum and
costal cartilages, laterally by
the ribs and intercostal
spaces; superiorly by the
suprapleural membrane; and
inferiorly by the diaphragm,
which separates the thoracic
cavity from the abdominal
cavity.

Sternum

The sternum lies in the


midline of the anterior
chest wall.
It is a flat bone that can be
divided into three parts:
manubrium sterni, body of
the sternum, and xiphoid
process.
The manubrium is the
upper part of the sternum.
It articulates with the body
of the sternum at the
manubriosternal joint, and
it also articulates with the
clavicles and with the first
costal cartilage and the
upper part of the second
costal cartilages on each
side.

The body of the sternum


articulates above with the
manubrium at the
manubriosternal joint and
below with the xiphoid
process at the xiphisternal
joint.
On each side it articulates
with the second to the
seventh costal cartilages.
The xiphoid process is a
thin plate of cartilage that
becomes ossified at its
proximal end during adult
life. No ribs or costal
cartilages are attached to
it.

RIBS
There are 12 pairs of ribs, all of
which are attached posteriorly to
the thoracic vertebrae.
The ribs are divided into three
categories:
True ribs: The upper seven pairs
are attached anteriorly to the
sternum by their costal cartilages.
False ribs: The 8th, 9th, and 10th
pairs of ribs are attached
anteriorly to each other and to the
7th rib by means of their costal
cartilages and small synovial
joints.
Floating ribs: The 11th and 12th
pairs have no anterior attachment.

Typical Rib:
A typical rib is a
long, twisted, flat
bone having a
rounded, smooth
superior border and
a sharp, thin
inferior border.
The anterior end of
each rib is attached
to the
corresponding
costal cartilage.

A rib has a head, neck, tubercle,


shaft, and angle.
The head has two facets for
articulation with the numerically
corresponding vertebral body
and that of the vertebra
immediately above.
The neck is a constricted portion
situated between the head and
the tubercle.
The tubercle is a prominence on
the outer surface of the rib at
the junction of the neck with the
shaft. It has a facet for
articulation with the transverse
process of the numerically
corresponding vertebra.
The shaft is thin and flattened
and twisted on its long axis. Its
inferior border has the costal
groove.
The angle is where the shaft of
the rib bends sharply forward.

Atypical Rib:
The first rib is
important clinically
because of its close
relationship to the
lower nerves of the
brachial plexus and
the main vessels to
the arm, namely,
the subclavian
artery and vein.
This rib is small
and flattened from
above downward.

Costal Cartilages
Costal cartilages are
bars of cartilage
connecting the upper
seven ribs to the lateral
edge of the sternum and
the 8th, 9th, and 10th
ribs to the cartilage
immediately above. The
cartilages of the 11th
and 12th ribs end in the
abdominal musculature.
In old age, the costal
cartilages tend to lose
some of their flexibility
as the result of
superficial calcification.

Joints of the Chest Wall


Joints of the Sternum
The manubriosternal
joint is a cartilaginous
joint between the
manubrium and the
body of the sternum.
A small amount of
angular movement is
possible during
respiration.
The xiphisternal joint is
a cartilaginous joint
between the xiphoid
process (cartilage) and
the body of the
sternum.

Joints of the Ribs


Joints of the Heads of the
Ribs:
The first rib and the three
lowest ribs have a single
synovial joint with their
corresponding vertebral
body.
For the second to the ninth
ribs, the head articulates by
means of a synovial joint
with the corresponding
vertebral body and that of
the vertebra above it.
There is a strong
intraarticular ligament that
connects the head to the
intervertebral disc.

Joints of the
Tubercles of the
Ribs:
The tubercle of a
rib articulates by
means of a synovial
joint with the
transverse process
of the
corresponding
vertebra. (This joint
is absent on the
11th and 12th ribs.)

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YOU

Chest Cavity
The chest cavity is bounded
by the chest wall and below
by the diaphragm. It extends
upward into the root of the
neck and the clavicle on each
side.
The diaphragm, which is a
very thin muscle, is the only
structure (apart from the
pleura) that separates the
chest from the abdominal
viscera. The chest cavity can
be divided into a median
partition, called the
mediastinum, and the
laterally placed pleurae and
lungs.

Diaphragm
The diaphragm is a thin muscular
and tendinous septum that
separates the chest cavity above
from the abdominal cavity below. It
is pierced by the structures that
pass between the chest and the
abdomen.
The diaphragm is the most
important muscle of respiration. It is
dome shaped and consists of a
peripheral muscular part.
The origin of the diaphragm can be
divided into three parts:
A sternal part arising from the
posterior surface of the xiphoid
process.
A costal part arising from the deep
surfaces of the lower six ribs and
their costal cartilages.
A vertebral part arising by vertical
columns and from the arcuate
ligaments.

Functions of the Diaphragm


Muscle of inspiration: On
contraction, the diaphragm
pulls its central tendon down
and increases the vertical
diameter of the thorax. The
diaphragm is the most
important muscle used in
inspiration.
Muscle of abdominal straining:
The contraction of the
diaphragm assists the
contraction of the muscles of
the anterior abdominal wall in
raising the intra-abdominal
pressure for micturition,
defecation, and parturition. This
mechanism is further aided by
the person taking a deep breath
and closing the glottis of the
larynx.

Mediastinum
The mediastinum, is a
movable partition that
extends superiorly to the
thoracic outlet and the root
of the neck and inferiorly
to the diaphragm. It
extends anteriorly to the
sternum and posteriorly to
the vertebral column. It
contains the remains of the
thymus, the heart and
large blood vessels, the
trachea and esophagus,
the thoracic duct and
lymph nodes, the vagus
and phrenic nerves.

The mediastinum is divided


into superior and inferior
mediastina by an imaginary
plane passing from the
sternal angle anteriorly to
the lower border of the
body of the fourth thoracic
vertebra posteriorly.
The inferior mediastinum is
further subdivided into the
middle mediastinum, which
consists of the pericardium
and heart; the anterior
mediastinum, which is a
space between the
pericardium and the
sternum; and the posterior
mediastinum, which lies
between the pericardium
and the vertebral column.

Superior Mediastinum
(a) Thymus, (b) large veins,
(c) large arteries, (d)
trachea, (e) esophagus
The superior mediastinum is
bounded in front by the
manubrium sterni and
behind by the first four
thoracic vertebrae.
Inferior Mediastinum
(a) Thymus, (b) heart within
the pericardium with the
phrenic nerves on each
side, (c) esophagus and
thoracic duct.
The inferior mediastinum is
bounded in front by the
body of the sternum and
behind by the lower eight
thoracic vertebrae.

Pleurae
The pleurae and lungs lie on
either side of the
mediastinum within the chest
cavity.
Each pleura has two parts: a
parietal layer, which lines the
thoracic wall, covers the
thoracic surface of the
diaphragm and the lateral
aspect of the mediastinum,
and extends into the root of
the neck to line the
undersurface of the
suprapleural membrane at
the thoracic outlet; and a
visceral layer, which
completely covers the outer
surfaces of the lungs and
extends into the depths of
the interlobar fissures.

Trachea

The trachea is a mobile


cartilaginous and
membranous tube,
The trachea extends from
the lower border of the
cricoid cartilage (opposite
the body of the sixth
cervical vertebra) in the
neck to the level of the
sternal angle in the thorax
It commences in the midline
and ends just to the right of
the midline by dividing into
the right and left principal
bronchi. At the root of the
neck it may be palpated in
the midline in the
suprasternal notch.

During expiration the


bifurcation rises by about
one vertebral level, and
during deep inspiration
may be lowered as far as
the sixth thoracic vertebra.
In adults the trachea is
about (11.25 cm) long and
(2.5 cm) in diameter.
The fibro elastic tube is
kept by the presence of Ushaped bars (rings) of
hyaline cartilage
embedded in its wall. The
posterior free ends of the
cartilage are connected by
smooth muscle, the
trachealis muscle.

The Bronchi
The trachea bifurcates
behind the arch of the
aorta into the right and
left principal bronchi.
The bronchi divide
dichotomously, giving
rise to several million
terminal bronchioles that
terminate in one or more
respiratory bronchioles.
Each respiratory
bronchiole divides into 2
to 11 alveolar ducts that
enter the alveolar sacs.

Lungs

During life, the right and left


lungs are soft and spongy and
very elastic. If the thoracic cavity
were opened, the lungs would
immediately shrink to one third
or less in volume. In the child,
they are pink, but with age, they
become dark and mottled
because of the inhalation of dust
particles that become trapped in
the phagocytes of the lung. This
is especially well seen in city
dwellers and coal miners. The
lungs are situated so that one
lies on each side of the
mediastinum. They are therefore
separated from each other by
the heart and great vessels and
other structures in the
mediastinum. Each lung is
conical, covered with visceral
pleura.

Lobes and Fissures:


Right Lung
The right lung is slightly
larger than the left and is
divided by the oblique and
horizontal fissures into
three lobes: the upper,
middle, and lower lobes.
The oblique fissure runs
from the inferior border
upward and backward.
The horizontal fissure runs
horizontally.
The middle lobe is thus a
small triangular lobe
bounded by the horizontal
and oblique fissures.

Left Lung
The left lung is
divided by a similar
oblique fissure into
two lobes: the
upper and lower
lobes. There is no
horizontal fissure in
the left lung.

Question?

Pericardium
The pericardium is a fibro
serous sac that encloses the
heart and the roots of the
great vessels.
Its function is to restrict
excessive movements of the
heart as a whole and to
serve as a lubricated
container in which the
different parts of the heart
can contract.
The pericardium lies within
the middle mediastinum
posterior to the body of the
sternum and the second to
the sixth costal cartilages
and anterior to the fifth to
the eighth thoracic
vertebrae.

Heart

The heart is a hollow


muscular organ that is
somewhat pyramid shaped
and lies within the
pericardium in the
mediastinum.
It is connected at its base to
the great blood vessels but
otherwise lies free within the
pericardium.
Surfaces of the Heart
The heart has three surfaces:
sternocostal (anterior),
diaphragmatic (inferior), and
a base (posterior). It also has
an apex, which is directed
downward, forward, and to
the left.
The sternocostal surface is
formed mainly by the right
atrium and the right ventricle,

The right border is


formed by the right
atrium; the left border,
by the left ventricle.
The right ventricle is
separated from the left
ventricle by the
anterior
interventricular groove.
The diaphragmatic
surface of the heart is
formed mainly by the
right and left ventricles
separated by the
posterior
interventricular groove.

Borders of the Heart


The right border is formed by
the right atrium; the left
border, by the left ventricle.
The lower border is formed
mainly by the right ventricle
but also by the right atrium;
the apex is formed by the left
ventricle. These borders are
important to recognize when
examining a radiograph of
the heart.
The walls of the heart are
composed of cardiac muscle,
the myocardium; covered
externally, the epicardium;
and lined internally with a
layer of endothelium, the
endocardium.

Action of the Heart


The heart is a
muscular pump. The
series of changes that
take place within it as
it fills with blood and
empties is referred to
as the cardiac cycle.
The normal heart beats
70 to 90 times per
minute in the resting
adult and 130 to 150
times per minute in
the newborn child.

Surface Anatomy of the Heart Valves


The tricuspid valve lies
behind the right half of the
sternum opposite the fourth
intercostal space.
The mitral valve lies behind
the left half of the sternum
opposite the fourth costal
cartilage.
The pulmonary valve lies
behind the medial end of
the third left costal cartilage
and the adjoining part of
the sternum.
The aortic valve lies behind
the left half of the sternum
opposite the third
intercostal space.

Esophagus
The esophagus is a tubular
structure about 10 in. (25
cm) long that is continuous
above with the laryngeal
part of the pharynx
opposite the sixth cervical
vertebra. It passes through
the diaphragm at the level
of the 10th thoracic
vertebra to join the
stomach.
In the neck, the esophagus
lies in front of the vertebral
column; laterally, it is
related to the lobes of the
thyroid gland; and
anteriorly, it is in contact
with the trachea and the
laryngeal nerves.

Thymus
The thymus is a flattened,
bilobed structure lying
between the sternum and
the pericardium in the
anterior mediastinum.
In the newborn infant, it
reaches its largest size
relative to the size of the
body.
The thymus continues to
grow until puberty. It has
a pink, lobulated
appearance and is the site
for development of T
(thymic) lymphocytes.

THE END

THANK YOU

Layers of the Abdominal Wall


The layers of the
abdominal wall
consist of (external to
internal):
Skin.
Superficial fascia (or
subcutaneous tissue).
Muscles and
associated fascia.
Parietal peritoneum.

Muscles of the Anterior


Abdominal Wall
There are five muscles
in the abdominal wall.
They can be divided
into two groups:
Vertical muscles
There are two vertical
muscles, situated near
the mid-line of the
body.
Flat muscles There
are three flat muscles,
situated laterally.

The Flat Muscles


There are three flat
muscles;
theexternal
oblique,internal
obliqueandtransv
ersus.
The Vertical
Muscles:
Rectus Abdominis
and Pyramidalis.

External oblique

Origin:
Lower eight ribs.
Insertion:
Xiphoid process, linea alba,
pubic crest, pubic tubercle,
iliac crest.
Nerve Supply:
Lower six thoracic nerves and
iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal
nerves (L1).
Action:
Supports abdominal contents;
compresses abdominal
contents; assists in flexing and
rotation of trunk; assists in
forced expiration, micturition,
defecation, parturition, and
vomiting.

Internal oblique

Origin:
Iliac crest.
Insertion:
Costal cartilages of 8 to
12 ribs, xiphoid process,
linea alba, symphysis
pubis.
Nerve supply:
Lower six thoracic
nerves and
iliohypogastric and
ilioinguinal nerves (L1).
Action:
As above.

Transversus

Origin:
Lower six costal
cartilages, iliac crest.
Insertion:
Xiphoid process, linea
alba, symphysis pubis &
aponeurosis of posterior.
Nerve supply:
Lower six thoracic
nerves and
iliohypogastric and
ilioinguinal nerves (L1).
Action:
Compresses abdominal
contents.

Rectus abdominis
Origin:
Symphysis pubis or pubic
crest.
Insertion:
Fifth, sixth, and seventh
costal cartilages and
xiphoid process.
Nerve supply:
Lower six thoracic nerves.
Action:
Compresses abdominal
contents and flexes
vertebral column;
accessory muscle of
expiration.

Pyramidalis
Origin:
Anterior surface of
pubis.
Insertion:
Linea alba.
Nerve supply:
12th thoracic nerve.
Action:
Tenses the linea
alba.

Function of the Anterior Abdominal Wall Muscles

The oblique muscles


laterally flex and
rotate the trunk.
The rectus
abdominis flexes the
trunk and stabilizes
the pelvis, and the
pyramidalis keeps
the linea alba taut
during the process.

Parietal Peritoneum
The walls of the
abdomen are lined
with parietal
peritoneum.
This is a thin
serous membrane
and is continuous
below with the
parietal
peritoneum lining
the pelvis.

Inguinal Canal
The inguinal canal is an
oblique passage through
the lower part of the
anterior abdominal wall.
In the males, it allows
structures to pass to and
from the testis to the
abdomen.
females it allows the
round ligament of the
uterus to pass from the
uterus to the labium
majus.
The canal is about 1.5 in.
(4 cm) long in the adult
and extends from the
deep inguinal ring.

Spermatic Cord
The spermatic cord is a collection
of structures that pass through
the inguinal canal to and from the
testis.
It begins at the deep inguinal ring
lateral to the inferior epigastric
artery and ends at the testis.
Structures of the Spermatic Cord:
The structures are as follows:
Vas deferens
Testicular artery
Testicular veins (pampiniform
plexus)
Testicular lymph vessels
Autonomic nerves
Remains of the processus
vaginalis
Genital branch of the
genitofemoral nerve, which
supplies the cremaster muscle

Vas Deferens (Ductus


Deferens):
The vas deferens is a
cordlike structure that
can be palpated
between finger and
thumb in the upper part
of the scrotum. It is a
thick-walled muscular
duct that transports
spermatozoa from the
epididymis to the
urethra.
Testicular Artery:
It traverses the inguinal
canal and supplies the
testis and the
epididymis.

Testicular Veins:
Lymph Vessels:

Autonomic Nerves:
Run with the testicular
artery from the renal
or aortic sympathetic
plexuses.
Processus Vaginalis:
The remains of the
processus vaginalis
are present within the
cord.
Genital Branch of the
Genitofemoral Nerve:
This nerve supplies
the cremaster muscle.

Scrotum

The scrotum is an outpunching of


the lower part of the anterior
abdominal wall. It contains the
testes, the epididymides, and the
lower ends of the spermatic cords.
The wall of the scrotum has the
following layers:
Skin: The skin of the scrotum is
thin, wrinkled, and pigmented and
forms a single pouch. A slightly
raised ridge in the midline
indicates the line of fusion of the
two lateral labioscrotal swellings.
(In the female, the swellings
remain separate and form the
labia majora.)
Superficial fascia: This is
continuous with the fatty and
membranous layers of the anterior
abdominal wall; the fat is,
however, replaced by smooth
muscle called the dartos muscle.

Spermatic fasciae: These


three layers lie beneath the
superficial fascia.
The external spermatic
fascia is derived from the
aponeurosis of the external
oblique muscle; the
cremasteric fascia is
derived from the internal
oblique muscle; and, finally,
the internal spermatic
fascia is derived from the
fascia transversalis.
The function of the
cremaster muscle is to raise
the testis and the scrotum
upward for warmth and for
protection against injury.

Testis
The testis is a firm, mobile
organ lying within the scrotum.
The left testis usually lies at a
lower level than the right.
Each testis is surrounded by a
tough fibrous capsule, the
tunica albuginea.
Extending from the inner
surface of the capsule is a
series of fibrous septa that
divide the interior of the organ
into lobules. Lying within each
lobule are one to three coiled
seminiferous tubules. The
tubules open into a network of
channels called the rete testis.
Small efferent ductules
connect the rete testis to the
upper end of the epididymis.

Normal
spermatogenesis can
occur only if the testes
are at a temperature
lower than that of the
abdominal cavity.
The control of
testicular temperature
in the scrotum is not
fully understood, but
the surface area of the
scrotal skin can be
changed reflexly by
the contraction of the
dartos and cremaster
muscles.

Epididymis
The epididymis is a
firm structure lying
posterior to the
testis, with the vas
deferens lying on
its medial side.
It has an expanded
upper end, the
head, a body, and
a pointed tail
inferiorly.

Any
question?
Thanks

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