Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
order
mass, and
properties e.g.
boiling point and
periodic in nature
patterns existed). .
Density
The density of a
substance is its
mass per unit
volume, usually in
g/cm3.
In general in any period of the table, density first increases from group 1 to
a maximum in the centre of the period, and then decreases again towards
group 0
5th
4th
2nd
3rd
Atomic Size
There is no definite
edge to an atom.
12
Covalent radius
e e
+
(g)
M +(g)
The ionisation energy is an enthalpy change and therefore is measured per mole.
Its units are kJmol-1 (kilojoules per mole).
(g)
+
2 (g)
Li
Be
Ne
526
Na
905
Mg
807
Al
502
K
744
Ca
584
Ga
792
Ge
425
Rb
596
Sr
577
In
762
Sn
953
Sb
941
Te
1150 1350
I
Xe
409
556
556
715
816
870
1020 1170
M(g) M+(g) + e
M+(g) M2+(g) + e
(g)
2,8,8,1
K+
(g)
2,8,8
K+ (g) + e
2,8,8
K2+ (g) + e
2,8,7
Mg
(g)
Mg+ (g) + e
2,8,2
2,8,1
Mg+
Mg2+ (g) + e
2,8,1
(g)
2,8
Electronegativity
Electronegativity is a measure of an
atoms attraction for the shared pair
of electrons in a bond
e
Linus Pauling
Linus Pauling, an American chemist (and
winner of two Nobel prizes!) came up with
the concept of electronegativity in 1932 to
help explain the nature of chemical bonds.
Today we still measure
electronegativities of elements using
the Pauling scale.
Since fluorine is the most electronegative
element (has the greatest attraction for
the bonding electrons) he assigned it a
valueValues
and compared
all other elements
for electronegativity
can beto
fluorine.
found on page 10 of the data book
Electronegativities
In the element chlorine both atoms have the
same electronegativity so the electrons are
shared equally.
In the compound hydrogen iodide the bonded atoms
have different electronegativities. The iodine atom
has a bigger attraction for the shared electrons than
the hydrogen atom. As the electrons are attracted
closer to the iodine it becomes slightly negative (-)
and the hydrogen atom becomes slightly positive (+).
+ H
Li Be
1.0 1.5
Decreasing Electronegativity
4.0
Cl 3.0
Br 2.8
I
2.6