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Mobile Transport
Layer
Content
Introduction
OSI Model vs. TCP/IP Model
Transport Layer Challenges
TCP/IP Protocol Overview
Slow Start & congestion Avoidance
TCP fast retransmit/fast recovery
TCP sender congestion control
TCP Protocol in Wireless Medium
TCP Improvements
TCP Last-HOP Enhancements
Possible Adaptations
Split Connection (Indirect TCP)
Snooping TCP
Explicit Loss Notification (ELN)
Mobile TCP
Forced Fast retransmit/fast recovery
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Content
Link Level Retransmission
Transmission/time-out freezing
Selective retransmission
Transaction oriented TCP
Comparison of different approaches
TCP Improvements
Cross Layer solutions
Seamless Service Continuity
SCTP Protocol
Multi-homing
SHIM6
Host Identity Protocol
Conclusion
Questions
References
Introduction
Optimization of transport layer protocols and their performance has
big impact on data transmission
Optimization and performance improvement of transport layer
protocols, specially TCP is among highly interesting topics among
academic researches.
Several techniques have been proposed and implemented.
Traditional TCP is not suitable for wireless medium.
Joint layer optimization gains more benefits. (Cross Layer Design)
Transport Layer survivability is important issue for a reliable network .
SCTP , SHIM6 and HIP are key solutions for a redundant network.
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TCP protocol
Connection Establishment
(3-way handshake)
1) Client sends SYN with initial
sequence number ( ISN = X)
2) Server responds with its own SYN
w/seq number Y and ACK of client
ISN with X+1 (next expected byte)
3) Client ACKs server's ISN with Y+1
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Event
Commentary
Slow Start
(SS)
ACK receipt
for previously
unacked data
Resulting in a doubling of
CongWin every RTT
Congestion
Avoidance
(CA)
ACK receipt
for previously
unacked data
CongWin = CongWin+MSS *
(MSS/CongWin)
SS or CA
Loss event
detected by
triple
duplicate
ACK
Threshold = CongWin/2,
CongWin = Threshold,
Set state to Congestion
Avoidance
SS or CA
Timeout
Threshold = CongWin/2,
CongWin = 1 MSS,
Set state to Slow Start
SS or CA
Duplicate
ACK
TCP Improvements
It is difficult to create a one size fits all TCP for lasthop wireless networks enhancements upon application
area.
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Possible Adaptations
Where in the path from sender to receiver to solve problem?
Split connection
One TCP connection from wired end to base, another from base to
wireless end
Problem solved locally
But solved at TCP layer (more semantics)
End-to-end
Sender and receiver together addresses problem
They address congestion loss
They should also address medium loss
Link layer addresses problem
Problem occurred in the link and thus should be solved there.
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Break a single TCP connection from wired end to wireless end into:
TCP connection from wired end to base station
TCP connection from base station to wireless end
The wireless connection performs all the retransmissions in response to
wireless losses.
Two TCP stacks in the base station.
Hosts in fixed part of network do not notice the characteristics of the wireless
part.
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Snooping TCP
Transparent extension of TCP within the foreign agent
Buffering of packets sent to the mobile host
Lost packets on the wireless link (both directions!) will be retransmitted
immediately by the mobile host or foreign agent, respectively (so called
local retransmission)
The foreign agent therefore snoops the packet flow and recognizes
acknowledgements in both directions, it also filters ACKs
Changes of TCP only within the foreign agent
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Transmission/time-out freezing
Mobile hosts can be disconnected for a longer time
No packet exchange possible, e.g., in a tunnel, disconnection due to
overloaded cells or mix with higher priority traffic
TCP disconnects after time-out completely
TCP freezing
MAC layer is often able to detect interruption in advance
MAC can inform TCP layer of upcoming loss of connection
TCP stops sending, but does now not assume a congested link
MAC layer signals again if reconnected
Advantage
Scheme is independent of data
Disadvantage
TCP on mobile host has to be changed, mechanism depends on MAC
layer
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Selective retransmission
TCP acknowledgements are often cumulative
ACK n acknowledges correct and in-sequence receipt of packets up to n
if single packets are missing quite often a whole packet sequence
beginning at the gap has to be retransmitted (go-back-n), thus wasting
bandwidth
Selective retransmission as one solution
RFC2018 allows for acknowledgements of single packets, not only
acknowledgements of in-sequence packet streams without gaps
sender can now retransmit only the missing packets
Advantage
much higher efficiency
Disadvantage
more complex software in a receiver, more buffer needed at the receiver
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TCP Improvements
Initial research work
Indirect TCP, Snoop TCP, M-TCP, T/TCP, SACK, Transmission/time-out
freezing,
TCP over 2.5/3G wireless networks
Learn to live with
Data rates: 64 kbit/s up, 115-384 kbit/s down; asymmetry: 3-6, but
also up to 1000 (broadcast systems), periodic allocation/release of
channels
0.93 * MSS max. TCP BandWidth
BW
RTT * p Max. Segment Size
Round Trip Time
loss probability
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SCTP Protocol
SCTP (Stream Control Transport Protocol) was developed to provide higher
reliability for signaling transport over the Internet.
Key feature of SCTP is the multi-homing capability allowing immediate switchover to a alternative path when anything fails.
Automatic switch-over when a link breaks is exactly the function needed for
hand-over.
Dynamic establishment of new associations (adding new IP addresses ADDIP) allows unlimited mobility.
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Multi-homing
Objectives
Redundancy
Load sharing
Performance
Policy constraints
How
Multi-homing Types
Site Level
Multi-homing
Host Level
Multi-homing
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SHIM6
Site Multi-homing by IPv6 Intermediation (SHIM6)
Conclusion
Traditional TCP is not optimized for wireless environment
Improvement is required on transport layer protocols, mainly TCP to
achieve higher performance.
End-to-End, Split connection and Link layer solutions investigated.
Versus layers joint optimization gains more benefits.
Cross Layer Design exploit dependency between stack layers to achieve
some performance gains
SCTP is a general purpose reliable transport protocol for the Internet, for
real-time and non real-time traffic.
Multi-homing is achieved by Shim6 and Hip.
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Questions
1) Why TCP on wireless works inefficiently?
On wireless links, TCP assumes congestion if packets are dropped due to transmission errors.
Furthermore, mobility (i.e. handoff) itself can cause packet loss. For example if a mobile node
roams from one access point (e.g. foreign agent in Mobile IP) to another while there are still
packets in transit to the wrong access point and forwarding is not possible.
3) Mobile-TCP
5) Transmission/ time-out freezing
7)Transaction oriented TCP
References
[1] Douligeris,N. and N. Serpanos, D., Network Security:
Current Status and Future Directions, John Wiley and Sons,
2007
[2] http://www.jochenschiller.de/
Schiller,J.,Mobile Communications Chapter 9: Mobile
Transport Layer,
[3] Sardar, B. and Saha, D.,A survey of TCP enhancements
for last-hop wireless networks, IEEE Communications
Surveys & Tutorials, Vol. 8, No. 3, 3rd Quarter 2006
[4] Cheng, R. and Lin, H. A cross-layer design for TCP end-toend performance improvement in multi-hop wireless networks
,
Computer Communications 31 ,31453152, 2008
[5] Jun, W., Xi, F., Quan,C., Min,J., Ping,Z., A cross-layer
wireless TCP enhancement scheme in OFDM network ,
TENCON, 2006
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