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Learning Outcomes
Classification of Matter
Electrolysis of water
Element
iii.
Elements
Diatomic molecules
Elements that occur as diatomic molecules: hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine
Note: A molecule consists of two or more atoms of the same element, or different elements, which are chemically bound together.
Polyatomic molecules
(poly = more than one)
Elements
Elements
Metal elements
Nonmetal elements
Elements
Compounds
Compounds
3.
Molecules of Compounds
Electrolysis of water
Electrolysis of water
2.1.2 Mixtures
Mixtures
In any mixture,
1. the composition can be varied
2. each substance of the mixture retains its
own composition and properties
3. may be separated into pure substances by
physical methods
Mixtures
Filtration
Evaporation
Distillation
Fractional distillation
Crystallisation
Chromatography
Filtration
Evaporation
Distillation
Distillation
Distillation
Fractional Distillation
Fractional Distillation
When
Fractional Distillation
Uses
Petroleum
gas
-161 to 20
Gasoline
30 to 180
Automobile fuels
Kerosene
170 to 290
Diesel
260 to 350
Diesel fuel
Industrial fuel
oil
300 to 370
Lubricating oil
Lubricants
Paraffin wax
Solids
Candles, polishing
Residue
Bitumen
Solids
Crystallisation
Chromatography
Chromatography
Ink is a good example for this method.
The components in ink, which is a dye mixture,
can be separated by paper chromatography
Activity 2.1
Metals
Metals
Metals
Metal
water.
Non-metals
Non-Metals
Non-Metals
Non-Metals
Diatomic molecules
Polyatomic molecules
(poly = more than one)
2.6 ALLOYS
ALLOYS
ALLOYS
Composition
Properties
Uses
Steel
Fe 99.5%, C
0.5%
High strength
Car bodies,
bridges, ships
Stainless
steel
Fe 80.6%, C
0.4%, Cr 18%, Ni
1%
Great resistance to
corrosion
Knives, sinks,
cutlery
Pewter
Sn 91%,
antimony (Sb)
7%, Cu 2%
High strength
Resistance to corrosion
Bright shiny surface
Ornaments,
souvenirs
Bronze
Cu 90%, Sn 10%
High strength
Resistance to corrosion
Medals, art
objects
High strength
Resistance to corrosion
Low density
Aircraft, racing
mountain
bicycle
2.7 Solution
Types of Solutions
Solution Alloys
substitutional alloys
interstitial alloys
Substitutional alloys
Atoms must have similar
atomic radii.
Interstitial alloys
Solute atoms smaller than
solvent atoms (in order to fit
into the interstitial site), e.g. a
nonmetal.
Saturated Solution
Saturated Solution
Saturated Solution
Saturated Solution
c)