Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Chemical Bonding
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this topic, you should be able to:
1.
2.
3.
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this topic, you should be able to:
4.
5.
6.
7.
Electronic Configuration
2s
2p
3s
3p
3d
4s
5s
6s
7s
4p
5p
6p
7p
4d
5d
6d
7d
14
4f
5f
6f
5.1
THE STABILITY OF NOBLE GAS
STRUCTURE
5.2
THE OCTET RULE
ion: 1s22s22p63s23p6
5.3
THE FORMATION OF IONS
5.4
IONIC BONDS
Ionic Bonds
Ionic Bonds
Ionic Bonds
Dot-and-cross Diagram (Lewis Diagram)
c)
d)
f)
5.5
COVALENT BONDS
Covalent Bonds
Covalent Bonds
Covalent Bonds
Molecules of Elements
Hydrogen Molecule
Chlorine Molecule
Oxygen Molecule
Covalent Bonds
Molecules of Compounds
Water Molecule
Ammonia Molecule
Methane Molecule
Carbon Dioxide Molecule
Covalent Bonds
Molecules of Compounds
Water Molecule
Ammonia Molecule
Methane Molecule
Carbon Dioxide Molecule
Covalent Bonds
Molecules of Compounds
Water Molecule
Ammonia Molecule
Methane Molecule
Carbon Dioxide Molecule
Covalent Bonds
Molecules of Compounds
Water Molecule
Ammonia Molecule
Methane Molecule
Carbon Dioxide Molecule
Covalent Bonds
Molecules of Compounds
Water Molecule
Ammonia Molecule
Methane Molecule
Carbon Dioxide Molecule
Covalent Bonds
Polar and Non-polar Covalent Bonds
Covalent Bonds
Polar and Non-polar Covalent Bonds
c)
d)
f)
(ii)
Hard
This results from the arrangement of the carbon atoms
held together by strong covalent bonds in a uniform
tetrahedral structure.
(iii)
(iv)
(ii)
Soft substance
The forces between layers of graphite are very weak to
the extent that they can slide readily on each other.
(iii)
Low density
The arrangement of atoms in graphite is in layers with
spaces between the layers.
(v)
(ii)
Hard
This is due to arrangement of atoms held together by
strong covalent bonds.
(iii)
(iv)
5.6
METALLIC BONDS
5.7
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
Intermolecular Forces
Intramolecular forces
The forces within a molecule. Intramolecular
forces hold atoms together in a molecule.
Intermolecular forces
The forces between molecules
The hydrogen bond is a special type of dipoledipole interaction between the hydrogen atoms
in a polar bond (such as NH, OH, or FH)
and an electronegative O, N, or F atom.
The empty space in the structure accounts for the low density
of ice.